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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the most common drug name used? |
Generic name |
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Generic name drugs are also called _________ this was the name given to a drug before there was any specific trade name? |
Non-proprietary drugs |
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Examples of non-proprietary drugs are? |
Acetaminophen Ibuprofen |
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True or false - generic drug names are capitalized |
False - they are written in lower case |
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Why is the symbol (r) placed beside the trade name of a drug? |
It shows that the trade name is registered and no one else can use the name but the drug owner |
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Is the first letter of the trade name capitalize or not? |
Capitalized |
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On a typical medication label where is the generic name found? |
Below the trade name |
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The trade name of a drug is also known as the? |
Brand name |
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What the body does to the drugs or the action of the drugs in the body is known as? |
Pharmacokinetics |
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The effect the drug has on the body function or what the drug does to the body is known as |
Pharmacodynamics |
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The use of drugs in the treatment of disease is known as? |
Pharmacotherapeutics |
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Drugs forms a chemical reaction in the body at the? |
Receptor site |
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What is a receptor site? |
Small locklike area of the cell membrane that controls what substance enters the cell or change the cell activity |
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What is the only way a chemical reaction between a drug and a receptor site possibly? |
The drug has to fit into the receptor site like a lock and key to open it |
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Drugs that activate and unlock the receptor are known as? |
Receptor agonist |
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True or false receptor agonists have the same function as the body's own chemical |
True |
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What is the body internal system for for regulating pain? |
Opioid receptors |
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In the lock and key system of drug and receptor to allow drugs to enter the cell the ______ is the lock and the _______ is the key |
Lock is the receptor Drugs is the key |
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If a person is in pain, what is a way that the body can naturally produce its own receptor agonist/chemical to stop the pain without taking drugs? |
Deep breathing which releases endorphins from the receptor cells to slow down the pain |
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Drugs that attach to the receptor but produces a partial effect are known as? |
Partial agonist |
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How does partial agonist drug work? |
They help to boost the effect of another drug |
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What is the role/function of an antagonist drug? |
It attaches to the drug receptor site but does not unlock it, it instead work to block agonist drugs |
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Give an example of how an antagonist drug works |
When there is an overdose of a drug an antagonist drug is given to block the cell receptor from an agonist drug to continue chemically changing the cell thus reversing the effects |
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Name the four basic process involved in how the body utilize drugs? |
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
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What is absorption? |
The way the drug enters the body and goes through the circulation/bloodstream |
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Absorption takes place through three different processes? |
Diffusion Filtration Osmosis |
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Is diffusion, osmosis and filtration active or passive transportation? |
Passive transportation |
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Explain why is diffusion, osmosis and filtration a passive transport? |
Because they do not need ATP (adenosine triphosphate) aka energy to move |
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Osmosis, diffusion and filtration uses this type of passive energy called? |
Kinetic energy |
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How does kinetic energy works? |
Producing a simple back and forth movement of molecules |
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What is diffusion? |
Substances moving from a high concentration to a low concentration across a semipermeable membrane Example - a teabag that has a high concentration of solute in the teabag is infused in water where some of the particles moves through the teabag to the water that is not concentrated |
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What is osmosis? |
Diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane where water tend to move out of a high concentrated area to a low concentrated area Dialysis is done in this way - the water moves out of the high concentrated area leaving the waste products |
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What is filtration? |
Passage of substance through a filter where the material prevents Passage of molecules |
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True or false - when a solute is going down the concentration gradient it needs ATP? |
False |
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When the heart muscle is at rest this electrolyte stays outside the cell? |
Sodium (Na+) |
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When the heart is at rest this electrolyte stays inside the cell? |
Potassium (K+) |
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Where does potassium and sodium go when the heart contracts |
Potassium leaves the heart Sodium enters the heart |
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T or F - Drugs does not need to be fully dissolved before entering the body tissues? |
False - all drugs must be dissolved |
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What is solubility? |
The ability of the drug to be dissolved |
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Name the routes of drug administration? |
Enteral Orally Rectal Parenteral/IV Injection (subcutaneous/intramuscular and intradermal) Epidural Topical/percutaneous Sublingual Buccal Inhalation |
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Where on the body is a drug absorbed percutaneously? |
Skin |
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Where in the body does drugs have a high chance of absorption? |
In the blood |
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What route of administration of drugs is most likely to get into the get into the bloodstream the fastest |
Intravenous (IV) |
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Drugs gets into the bloodstream and Immediately to the tissues by this route of administration? |
IV - intravenous |
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Movement of the drug from circulation in the bloodstream to the tissue for it to take action is this process of how the body utilize drugs |
Distribution |
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What is tissue perfusion? |
How much blood can penetrate the tissue |
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Are drugs evenly distributed to all tissue types? Explain your answer? |
No - different tissue types have different rates of blood perfusion which makes some tissue easy to distribute drugs and some hard to ... for example - it is hard to distribute drugs to the bone |
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Are drugs only attracted to receptor cells only? |
No - some drugs are attracted to tissue Example - there are drugs that dissolve in fat/adipose tissue |
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What is drug metabolism? |
The transformation or alteration of drugs into active or inactive chemicals |
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The process of making a drug an active or inactive chemical is known as? |
Biotransformation |
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Where does biotransformation/metabolism takes place in the body? |
Liver |
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What in the liver breaks down or metabolizes chemicals in a drug into usable or unusable parts? |
Enzymes |
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Are all the parts of a drug usable or active? Explain your answer... |
No - some parts of the drug are non usable or inactive because they only carry the preservatives for the drug Example - so that the drug does not expire or it can contain the chemical to make the therapeutic part of the drug work |
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What has to happen in the body to make the non usable part of the drug used for a therapeutic reason? |
They have to be transformed and activated by enzymes |
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Drugs thathave to be transformed and activated by enzymes for therapeutic use are known as? |
Pro-drugs |
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What are first pass drugs |
Drugs that are broken down before they reach the liver, prior to being released to the rest of the body. |
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Does a first pass drug have a high concentration or a low concentration? Explain why. |
Low concentration. Much of the drugs is inactivated before it reaches the liver. |
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What is the best route to take a first pass drug |
Intravenously (IV) |
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Does the route of a first pass drug affect how much is needed/administered? Explain why. |
Yes. You would need less administered through the IV than orally, because the IV reaches the bloodstream quicker than oral, as oral would break down the drug on the first pass. |
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If you can tolerate a drug do you need a higher or lower dose? |
Higher dose |
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If you have a drug sensitivity do you need a higher dose? |
No - low dose is required |
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The liver enzyme pathway is known as? |
Cytochrome P-450 system |
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Why does cytochrome P-450 play a role in adverse drug reactions? |
It has inhibitors that will slow down the drug metabolism and increase the effect or speed up the metabolism and decrease the effect |
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What is the process of movement of metabolized active and inactive chemical from the body called? |
Excretion |
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Name the different ways of excretion of chemicals from the body? |
Feces Urine Exhalation/BREATHING Tears EVAPORATION - sweating Saliva |
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Why is it important when you're administering a drug to monitor the urine function of a patient? |
If the patient has renal/kidney failure or a low output chemicals will remain in the body and become toxic |
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What is the process of pharmacokinetics? |
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
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Explain the full process of pharmacokinetics |
Absorption consists of: diffusion, filtration and osmosis Distribution: how the absorbed drug is distributed via the blood and lymph on sites of action such as the liver, kidney, adipose tissue, muscle etc Metabolism: primarily in the liver that transforms drugs into usable and non usable Excretion: removal of Chemical waste products by the lungs, kidney and GI tract |
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Grapefruit juice affects the absorption of these drugs? |
Antihistamines Cholesterol lowering drugs HIV drugs Transplantation drugs |
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What Is a drug half-life? |
The standard method of describing how long a drug takes to metabolize and excrete from the body - or the time it takes for 50% of the drug to be removed from the body |
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What does it mean if a drug has a long half-life? |
It stays in your body longer and continues to have an effect for a long duration |
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If a drug has a long half-life should you take the drug more or less frequent? Explain why... |
Less frequent Why? Because you take too much you will have an adverse reaction or overdose of the medication |
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If a drug has a long half-life how often should you take it? |
One per day |
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If the drug half-life is short should you take more or less of the drug? Why |
More Because you need to keep the correct dose in the bloodstream |
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What happens if a persons kidneys or liver does not metabolize or excrete a drug given? |
Continuous drug administration will produce symptoms of overdose |
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What does the half-life of a drug helps to explain to a nurse? |
How much drug should be taken How often the drug is to be taken How long the drug will last |
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Why is a kidney and liver blood work taken before administration of drugs? |
To determine how much drug is given to the patient based on whether or not they can metabolize or excrete the drug |
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Some drugs comes in an _________ or ________form for ease of administration |
Extended release (ER) Long-acting |
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Name two types of extended release or long-acting drugs |
Narcotics Antihypertensive |