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179 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does Pharmaco mean in Greek?
Drug or Medicine
What are Pharmacotherapeutics?
The field of science that examines the treatment of disease with medicines
What are indications?
Reasons for using a drug
What are Contraindications?
Reasons for not using a drug
What does toxicity mean?
How adverse drug reactions are manifested
What are Pharmacokinetics?
The study of the way drugs move into, through, and out of the body.
What are the different ways that the drugs move throughout the body?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism/biotransformation
Excretion
What are Pharmacodynamics?
The study of the mechanisms of action of a drug and it's biological and physiological effects.
What are different drug sources?
Plants
Bacteria and mold
Mineral
Animal
Synthetic
Drug Sources: Plant
Atropine
Digoxin
Drug Sources: Bacteria and Molds
Penicillin
Ivermectin
Drug Sources: Mineral
Electrolytes
Drug Sources: Animal
Insulin and other hormones
What is the Diagnostic Method?
Specific Diagnosis
What is the Empirical Method?
Use practical experience and common sense
What is the symptomatic method?
treat symptoms and signs if specific diagnosis can not be determined
What details are needed in a drug regiment?
Route of Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Duration
What are the three types of Drugs?
Prescription drugs/legend drugs
OTC
Controlled Substances
What does it mean for something to be "Extra-Label Use"?
Prescription drugs are often approved for only 1 use or use in only 1 species. Veterinarians are allowed to use some drugs in a way not indicated on the label and this is referred to as extra-label use.
What is the Veterinarian-client-patient relationship?
Federal law requires this relationship to exist if prescription drugs are dispensed or prescribed, whether for regular or extra-label use. The following support a valid vet-client-patient relationship.
What are Controlled Substances?
Drugs that have the potential for abuse or dependence by people. These drugs must be stored in a locked storage cabinet that is unmovable.
What are over the counter drugs?
Drugs that are available without a prescription. Lower risk of toxicity.
What are some routes of administration?
Oral
Parenteral
Inhalation
Topical
What are the differences between oral medications and drugs given by injection?
Drugs are not absorbed as quickly as drugs given by injection.
Cannot give oral meds to animals with vomiting and diarrhea.
Drugs given orally produce longer-lasting effects than those given by injection.
What are the different routes of injection? Also called what?
Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular (IM)
Intradermal (ID)
Intraperitoneal (IP)
Intra-arterial (IA)
T/F You can give a milky substance IV.
False
Intramuscular Route: ________onset of action than IV but usually ________ duration
slower; longer
What should you always do when you are inject IM?
Pull back on the syringe to make sure you are not in a blood vessel before injecting.
Where do you inject with the intradermal route?
Into the skin
What does it mean to inject a drug through the intraperitoneal route?
To deliver drugs into the abdomenal cavity
What are the problems with the intraperitoneal route?
adhesions of abdonmenal cavity
puncture of the abdomenal organs
What does it mean to inject a drug through the intra-arterial route?
To inject a drug directly into an artery
What can happen if you inject a drug intra-arterially
Can cause seizures or death, high concentrations of drug delivered directly to brain.
What does it mean to inject a drug through the intra-articular route?
To inject a drug directly into a joint. Must use sterile technique.
What does it mean to use the intracardiac route?
Injection of drug directly into the chambers of the heart(through chest wall)
What is the intracardiac route most used?
In CPR and euthanasia
What does it mean to use the intramedullary route?
Injection of a drug directly into the bone marrow(femur, humerus)
What animals is the intramedullary route most used?
in small animals, animals with very small or damaged veins, or in animals with very low blood pressure
What is another name for the subdural/epidural route?
intrathecal route
What is the epidural route used for?
for spinal anesthesia and myelograms
What is the epidural space?
outside the dura mater(meninges) but inside the spinal canal
What is the subdural space?
inside the dura mater(cerebrospinal fluid)
What different kinds of drugs can you give through inhalation?
anesthetics
antibiotics
bronchodilators
What does it mean to use a drug topically?
Drugs placed on the skin or mucous membrane.
What is the difference between using a drug on the skin vs. mucous membrane?
Drugs are absorbed more slowly through skin than through mucous membranes
What does it mean to give a drug transdermally
This is a form of topical administration that uses a patch applied to the skin to deliver drug through intact skin into the blood stream
What is the transdermal route used for?
To administer analgesics in a slow continuous manner
What are pharmacokinetics?
The study of how physiologic and drug characteristics affect drug concentrations within the body. and the study of the way drugs move into through and out of the body
Movement of drugs into, through, and out of the body occurs in what four steps?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism=Biotransformation
Excretion
If the drug concentration is below therapeutic range what effect is there?
No beneficial effect seen
If the drug concentration is above the therapeutic range what effect is there?
Toxicity
What are the three ways to measure drug levels?
Blood, Urine, and CSF
What is Diuresis?
Increased rate of elimination
What happens when there is organ failure in regards to elimination?
Decreased rate of elimination.
What is the loading dose?
High initial dose designed to raise the drug concentration to the therapeutic range in a short time
What is the Maintenance dose?
Periodic smaller doses which maintain therapeutic concentration(amount which replaces the amount lost).
What is Passive diffusion?
Random mov't of drug molecules from an area of high concetration to an area of low concentration until concentrations are equal and an equilibrium is reached.No Cellular energy is expended.
What is Facilitated diffusion?
Passive transport mechanism across biologic membranes that involves a special "carrier molecule" in the membrane. This is concentration gradient dependent and uses no energy.
What is Active transport?
Carrier molecule used but cellular energy required to move drug molecule across membrane or to "reset" the carrier molecule so that it can transport again. This can movev against the concentration gradient.
What is Pinocytosis/Phagocytosis?
A portion of cell membrane surrounds the molecule and takes it into the cell and this requires cellular expenditure of energy
What are the factors that Passive Diffusion depends on?
Concentration Gradient
Drug size
Temperature
Membrane thickness
Nature of drug molecule(i.e. Lipophilic vs. Hydrophilic)
Lipophilic drugs?
Fat loving
What do lipophilic drugs dissolve in and which diffusion do they use?
Cell membrane and uses passive diffusion.
Hydrophilic drugs?
Water loving
What do hydrophilic drugs dissolve in?
Water
Non-ionized
lipophilic
What is absorption?
Movement of drug from site of administration into the systemic circulation.
What is absorption affected by?
The mechanism of absorption
lipophilic/hydrophilic prop. of drug
pH of the environment
and some other factors
What is bioavailability?
the quantity of the drug administered that actually enters the systemic circulation.
Order of bioavailability from most to least, IV SC IM PO
IV
IM
SC
PO
What is the drugs pKa?
the pH at which molecules of the drug are equally distributed between ionized and non-ionized forms.
What determines whether the drug is ionized or non-ionized?
The acidic or alkaline nature of the drug
The drug's pKa
The pH of the environment in which the drug is placed
If the environmental pH is greater than the pKa of the drug then is the environment basic or acidic?
Basic(alkaline)
If the environmental pH is less than the pKa of the drug then is the environment basic or acidic?
acidic relative to the drug
What is the equation for weak acids?
AH<----> A- + H+
What is the equation for weak bases?
B +H+ <--> BH+
Acidic drugs are more in ___________ form in acidic environments and __________ form in relative to the drug.
Non-ionized
ionized
Alkaline drugs are more in _____________ form in alkaline environment and ____________ form in acidic environment.
Non-ionized
Ionized
What type of drug can pass through the GI mucosa?
Lipophilic
Decr gastric motility= ________ absorption
slower
incr gastric motility= _________ absorption
faster
incr intestinal motility= ______ absorption
decr
Decr intestinal motility= ________ absorption
incr
What is the First pass effect?
If the drug is extensively removed, little reaches systemic circulation and so has little effect.
What are some factors that affect absorption of orally administered drugs?
1. Functional absorptive surface area
2. Intestinal inflammation/irritation
3. Change in intestinal microorganisms
4. Combining some drugs with other drugs or foods affects their absorption such as tetracycline and milk
Which type of drugs are capable to diffuse through tissue fluids to capillary?
Hydrophilic
What is distribution?
Movement of a drug from the systemic circulation into the tissues.
What are fenestrations?
Fenestrations are small gaps between the cells which allow small drug molecules to move back and forth into and out of the capillary lumen.
What molecules are not able to pass through the fenestrations?
Large protein molecules and cells
What is tissue perfusion?
Drugs distributed most rapidly and in highest concentration to well perfused tissues. Inactive skeletal muscle and adipose tissue poorly perfused. Heart failure and shock decrease tissue perfusion.
Some drugs bind to large proteins and what happens to them afterward?
They remain in circulation.
What is a free faction?
It is an unbound drug.
What is albumen?
Plasma protein that is produced in the liver and it is the principle protein to which drugs bind.
What does Uremia affect when it comes to drugs?
It affects the protein binding of some drugs.
What is the Concentration Gradient?
It is the difference between the amount of drug in two compartments.
The ________ the gradient(difference) between the two compartments, the __________ the tendency of the drug to move to the area of lesser concentration.
Greater; Greater
Reptiles have a _____-_______ system.
Renal-Portal system
What does the renal-portal system of reptiles do?
They can distribute potentially toxic levels of a drug to the kidney if the drug is injeced in the posterior one-third of the body.
What is Biotransformation?
Drug Metabolism
The process by which the drug is changed from the form it entered the body into the form that can be eliminated from the body.
What do Microsomal enzymes?
These are in the liver, they convert drug to water soluble form to be eliminated in urine.
What is a metabolite?
The drug once it has been biotransformed; usually inactive but can be active.
Highly lipid soluble drugs
Incorporated into bile and eliminated through the biliary system. Can also occur in the kidney, lung, and nervous system.
What are the four different chemical reactions caused by the microsomal enzymes?
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
and
Conjugation
What is Oxidation?
Loss of electrons
What is Reduction?
Gain of electrons
What is hydrolysis?
Splitting of the drug molecule with the addition of a water molecule to each of the split portons
What is conjugation?
The addition of glucoronic acid(or other molecule) to the phase 1 metabolite to produce a more hydrophilic(water soluble) molecule.
Why would you decrease the dose of two drugs?
If two drugs compete for the same number of biotransformation enzymes. Enzyme system becomes saturated. Slower metabolism of both drugs. Decrease dose both drugs to avoid toxicity.
What is the Mixed Function Oxidase System?
Liver enzyme system that metabolizes many drugs.
What is induced Biotransformation?
Repeated exposure to particular drugs or classes of drugs metabolized by the MFOS induces the system to increase the rate of metabolism of all drugs metabolized by the system.
Cats- Salicylate compounds
Decreased ability to synthesize glucuronic acid so decreased ability to conjugate phase 1 metabolites such as salicylate compounds
The differences in biotransformation in neonates are...?
-Liver not fully functional until 5 weeks of age except for foals
-Blood Brain barrier more permeable
-Decreased albumen
-water comprises larger percent of body weight
-Lack of fully developed rumen
What are the two major routes of elimination or excretion?
Kidneys via urine
Liver->bile->Feces
What are some other routes of excretion?
mammary glands, lungs, intestinal tract, sweat glands, salivary glands, and skin.
How does renal elimination occur?
Via filtration and active secretion.
What is the order of which the renal system works on?
Renal artery
Afferient arterioles
Glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts
and out of the body
What is hepatic elimination?
Biliary excretion
What is the process of the hepatic elimination?
Passive diffusion from blood into hepatocytes--> Secretion into bile --> Bile duct--->Duodenum -->intestinal wall -->Hepatic portal circulation --> liver --> excreted again or re-enter systemic circulation.
What are drug withdrawal times?
Period after drug administraion during which the animal can not be sent to market for slaughter and the eggs or milk must be descarded.
What is half life?
t 1/2--> The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to be decreased by one half.
Which two diseases increase the half life?
Renal or hepatic disease
What is the steady state concentrations?
time after which peak and trough drug concentrations remain consistent... This number is 5 X t 1/2
What is Pharmacodynamics?
the study of the mechanism by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body.
What is the lock and key model?
The drug molecule and cellular receptor must match exactly for the drug to exert its action.
What is an agonist?
A drug that posesses affinity for a particular kind of receptor and the ability to cause a change in the receptor that gives rise to an observable effect.
What is affinity?
The tendency of a drug to combine with a particular kind of receptor
What is intrinsic activity?
The ability of a drug to produce a specific effect when it combines with a receptor.
What is an antagonist?
A drug that interacts with the receptor (or other component of the effector mechanism), but has no intrinsic activity (produces no cellular effect). This inhibits action of an agonist.
What is Competitive antagonism?
(Reversible, Surmountable antagonism) Based on competition between the antagonist and the agonist for receptors to which voth have affinity
What is noncompetitive antagonism?
(Irreversible, Insurmountable antagonism) Prolonged or permanent combination of antagonist with receptor (or in such a way as to block receptor)
What is Partial agonist/Antagonist?
Combines with same receptor as agonist but has less intrinsic activity/efficacy (produces effect but to lesser degree)
What are Non-receptor mediated drug actions?
Some drugs exert their effects without combining with receptors.
What are Chemical antagonism?
Antagonist does not combine with receptor but with agonist itself such as chelating agents(EDTA)
What is Potency?
The dose that must be administered to produce a particular effect of a given intensity. Influenced by affinity of drug for it's receptor sites and processes that affect the concentration of the drug in the immediate vicinity of its site of action.
What is efficacy?
Degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient. Once the efficacy level of a drug is reached, increasing the dose does not improve the effect.
What is the Dose Response Curve?
Shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and the response achieved. As dose increases, there is an increase in response until a maximal response is acheived.
What is the Therapeutic index?
The relationship between a drug's ability to achieve the desired effect compared to it's tendency to produce toxic effects.
What does the therapeutic index quantitates?
This quantitates the drug's magrin of safety.
What is LD50?
The dose of drug that is lethal in 50% of animals.
What is ED50?
The dose of drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of animals
The __________ the number the ______________ the safety
The larger; greater
What are some examples of adverse drug reactions?
Allergic reactions such as hives and anaphylactic shock
Photosensitivity
vomiting, diarrhea
abortion, infertility
liver or kidney damage
cancer
What are idiosycratic drug reactions?
unusual or unexpected reaction
What is photosensitivity?
Sensitivity of skin to light
What is a chemical?
Name that describes the molecular structure of the drug
What is a code or laboratory name?
Name given to a drug by research and development investigators.
What is a compendial name?
name listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia(USP). USP is the legally accepted compendium that lists drugs.
What is the Official name?
Usually the same as the compendial or generic name.
What is the Proprietary or trade name?
Name chosen by the manufacturing company. On labels the name has the symbol R after it. Name begins with a capital letter.
What is the Generic name?
The common name chosen by the company. name begins with a lower case letter.
What are drug labels supposed to have on them?
-Drug names(both generic and trade names)
-Drug Concentration and quantity
-Name and address of the manufacturer
-The controlled substance status
-The Manufacturers control or lot number
-The drug's expiration date
What is the controlled substance status?
Controlled substances must have on the upper right hand side of the label a captical C followed by the roman numeral identifying which of the five categories the drug falls into.
Examples of Storage...
Refrigeration, store in light resistant containers...
What do Package inserts contain?
-Registered trade name and generic name.
-Description or composition statement
-Clinical pharmacology/actions/mode of action
-Indications and usage
-Contraindications
What are Contraindications?
Situations and animals in which drug should not be used.
What are indications and usage?
Specific usages and species for which the drug is approved.
What are precautions?
Reasons to use the drug carefully(situations in which drug is more likely to cause a problem)
What are warnings?
Situations in which potentially serious problems may occur if drug is used.
What are adverse reactions or side-effects?
Potential undesirable reactions to drug?
What is the over-dosage?
Dangers of using excessive quantities, symptoms, and treatment
What is Dosage and administration?
Amount of drug to give and route of administration.
What is storage?
Condition under which drug should be stored.
What are the different aspects of how the drugs are suppled?
Dosage forms, strengths, and container sizes.
What is the FDA?
regulates development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives
What is the EPA?
regulates the development and approval of animal topical pesticides?
What is the USDA?
Regulates the development and approval of biologics (vaccines, serums, and antitoxins)
What are the steps in the development of a new drug?
Preliminary trials
Pre-clinical (animal Safety) trials
Clinical Trials
What are Preliminary trials for?
To see if product will perform as expected, if it has harmful side effects, if it will be profitable.
What are Pre-clinical trials?
Use lab animals to determine info on appropriate doses. If satisfactory results are obtained, the company notifies the appropriate agency that a new drug is under investigation.
What are Clinical Trials?
Drug tested on the target species to prove it is sage and effective.
What do you need to determine from the Clinical trials?
-Potential toxic and adverse side effects
-Tissue residue and withdrawal times
-Toxicity to pregnant animals
-Potential for creating birth defects
-Shelf time.
What is the Animal Medicinal Use Clarification act?
Made Extra-label use of certain approved veterinary and human drugs legal under certain well-defined conditions
What is the Veterinary Feed Directive?
Animal producer needs VFD form from veterinarian to purchase medicated feed.
What is the minor use and minor species animal health act?
Mechanism to provide FDA authorized drug use in "minor" species for uncommon indications(minor use) in major species (dogs, cats, horses, cattle, swine, turkeys, and chickens
What are the Compounding of Veterinary Drugs?
-Dilution or combination of existing drugs to allow treatment of the species and size variation of veterinary patients.
-Any alteration of a drug that changes the concentration of the active ingredient, the preservatives, or the vehicle.
Conditions under which compounding is permitted include but are not limited to..?
-The identification of a legitimate veterinary need.
-A need for an appropriate regimen for a particular species, size, gender or medical condition of the patient.
-No approved animal or human drug that when used as labeled will treat the condition.
-Too long a time interval for securing the drug to treat the condition.
What does it mean when you dispense drugs?
-Source of income
-Human pharmacies usually do not stock veterinary drugs
What does it mean when you prescribe drugs?
-Drug is used infrequently so not practical or economical to keep in stock
-A few drugs are available only via human pharmacies
-Controlled drugs may be prescribed or dispensed.
Marketing of drugs
-sales reps
-Ethical products.