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62 Cards in this Set
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Pharmacist
licensed pro prepares,dispenses**** drugs prescribed by health care provider knows drugs/interactions prevent harmful combos |
specialize in units of measurement from ounces/liters/grams/kilograms equations/equivalencies
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pharmacology discovery/development new meds prevents premature death improve quality life
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pharmacology experimental science develop new drugs studying action biologically-active compounds on body/how body acts on them
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greek word drug pharmakon study of action of drugs on living systems-human/animal
pharmacist=one qualified prepare/dispense drugs |
drug=therapeutic effects everyday substances caffeine nicotine alcohol food additives chemicals in cosmetics
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drug chemical effects on living organism drug=active ingredient delivered tabs injections inhalers
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active ingredients mixed nonactive compounds make drug easier to take/water soluble
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drug administered=active ingredient absorbed in blood stream carries active molecules around body
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aspirin=active ingredient deposited tiny quantities sites effect blocking pain bring down temp/fever/inflammation
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injection=delivers active ingredients in bloodstream rapid action needed general anesthetic
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inhalers=asthma sufferers active drug packaged in small vaporizer delivers fine powders breathe into lungs acts immediately on obstructed tubes
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once drug done its job body rids drugs converting into biologically inactive molecurles excreted by kidneys
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drug activity=substances contain clusters of atoms molecules home in on specific target
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target could be infectious bacterial
antibiotics or tumors with anti-cancer drugs have molecules on outside of their cells called receptors |
drug molecule attracted to receptors attaches to them drug attacks invasive organism sitting on its cell surface interfering with function changing natural activity of receptor
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penicillin attaches to targets prevents from forming protective cell wall once exposed bacteria collapses
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ancient cultures used medicinal hervs minerals compounds extracted from animals for healing purposes
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bark of willow tree source of aspirindried leaves of foxglove source of digitalis codeine from opium poppy morphine too
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contraceptive from tropical climbing plant yam anticancer drug from periwinkle bark of Pacific yew tree Cyclosporins prevent transplant patients rejecting grafted organs from fungi
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drugs from microbes in soil Streptomyces bacteria over 500 antibiotics 50 everyday use
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sea natural drugs sponges corals mussel treatment for arthritis Conus snails venoms toxins cellular functions
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scropions snakes south american frogs venoms processes of body ideas for new drugs
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magic bullets chemicals in lab home in on precisely identified targets from infectious virus-blocked artery
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genetics individual molecules molecular biology computer pharmacologist with chemist create new compounds try on computer
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designer molecules speed up process only work on computer pursued in practice
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learn from drug manufacturing ability of human body itself brain produces endorphins pain killers endorphin+inbuilt morphine non addictive
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endorphins regulate appetite controlling mood = better pain relievers anti-anxiety drugs compounds prevent over/under eating
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pharmacologist pursue from bassic research id targets to testing in animals and man to regulaltory filing medical info
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12 years filing new drug patent to launch major new drug total cost up to 200 million
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8000 compounds discovered investigated only one reaches marketplace once compound identified development phase lasting 6-7 years begins
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effect of compound meassured on cells in test tubes (in vitro)animal studies (in vivo) taken clinical trials human volunteers carried out
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preliminary confirmation effects of meds indicate administration potential med studied in patients with disease
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confirms activity find dosage more trials by hospitals many countries 1000's patients establish efficacy safety of product
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registration with regulatory authorites begin before license sell product mass of data required
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improve quality of life prevent disease massive scale meds added3-5 years to average life expectancy
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antibiotics/vaccines saved millions anesthetics muscle relaxants immunosuppressant compounds new surgery
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malaria 300-500 million people each year kill 3 million people
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Nurses responibility for drug control/administration registered staff nurses LPNs control of narcotic key
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ALGES/O PAIN
BRONCH/O AIRWAY COAGUL/O CLOTTING FUNG/O FUNGUS |
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IMMUN/O IMMUNE
LIP/O FAT |
PHARMAC/O DRUGS
SUB- UNDER |
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PHARMACODYNAMICS
study of way drugs act on cells*** specific cells target cells*** to cause thrapeutic response |
drugs also reach/impose actions on other cells nontargeted cells sometimes good/no consequence/undesireable debilitating
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these other actions side effects if weak/inconsequential
adverse reactions effects if undesirable severe |
toxicity
severe undesirable response directly related to amount of drug administered correct amounts therapeutic desirable beneficial |
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pharmacokinetics
study how body manipulates drug |
pharmacodynamics
study how drug manipulates body cells |
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pharmacokinetics*** movement of drug through body/how to get rid of drug/how does med get to infection site
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4 processes of pharmacokinetics
absorption distribution metabolism excretion**** |
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variables influence absorption distribution metabolism excretion of drug age size*** wellness state
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drug may be absorbed/circulated/store itself in fat more quickly in one than another
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patients's ability to detoxify a drug and get it out of system is dependent on
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state of liver and kidneys
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FDA Food Drug Administration regulates quality purtiy potency effectiveness saftey labeling packaging of food drug cosmetic products
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DEA Drug Enforcement Administration monitors manufacture distribution dispensing of controlled substances
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Controlled Substances Act
controlled substances or schedule drugs |
Shedule I Not considered to be legitimate for medical use in US
LSD heroin marijuana**** |
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Schedule II: Acccepted medical use but high potential for abuse
**** morphine coccaine Demerol |
Schedule III
Stimulants Depressants Narcotic Drugs Anabolic steroids Hallucinogenic substances benzphetamine amobarbital LSD |
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Schedule IV
Less potential for abuse/addiction Librium Valium Darvon**** |
Class V
small potential for abuse or addiction Robitussin A-C Donnagel**** |
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DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
analgesics*** relieve pain antipyretics reduce fever anti-inflammatories**** reduce inflammatiton of tissues |
ansesthetics*** to numb/desensitize
antifungal*** inhibit growth fungi antibiotics*** control infection-causing microorganisms |
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antiemetics*** relieve nausea/vomiting
anihistamines opposes action of histamine |
antihypertensives controls high blood pressure
antitussives controls coughing |
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calcium channel blocker**** treats hypertension angina abnormal heart rhythms
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diuretics**** increases urine output
hypnotics**** induces sleep dulls senses |
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laxatives**** promotes emptying bowel contents
muscle relaxant relieves muscle tension |
sedatives provide relaxing effect
vitamins used as dietary supplements |
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METHODS OF INTAKE
ORAL****** tablet enteric-coated tablet capsule timed-realease capsule lozenge troche suspension emulsion elixir syrup solution |
Rectal*****
suppository enema solution |
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injectable******
solution powder mixed with diluting solution intravenous IV push IV infusion IV piggyback intramuscular subcuaneous intradermal epidermal |
Topical******
cream/ointment liniment dermal patch ENT drops eye ointment vaginal creams |
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douche solution buccal tablet sublingual tablet
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INHALED****
spray or mist gas |
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4 NAMES APPLY TO VARIOUS TITLES OF DRUGS
Generic common name or general name assigned to drug never capitalized |
Trade name
copyrighted name pharmaceutical company markets drugs always capitalized |
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Chemical name
exact molecular formula of drug |
Official name
drug as it appears in official references usually same as generic name |
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brand name drugs more expensive advertising/research promotong trade name
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ingrediants usually exactly same
compare prices OTC generic/brand name |
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Contraindictions*****
list of conditions for which drug should not be given |
Indications*****
list of conditions for which drug meant to be used |
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generics trascribed in lower case
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many drugs sound alike have different meanings
dosages sound alike 50 15 never guess consult reference book/site |
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Interactions
list of other drugs/foods may alter effect of drug or should not be taken while drug being used |
Side Effects Adverse Reactions
list of unpleasant or dangerous effects of drug |
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Terms****
actions description of cellular changes occur as result of using drug |
Cautions****
list of conditions types of patients warrant closer observation for side effects |
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DOSAGE AMOUNT OF DRUG GIVEN FOR PARTICULAR DESIRED EFFECT
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Minimum dose*****
smallest amount possible achieve desired results |
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Maximum dose ****
largest amount possible to achieve diesired results without producing symptoms of toxicity |
Loading dose*****
initial high dose used to quickly elevate the level in blood often followed by a series of lower maintenance doses |
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Maintenance dose****
dose required to keep blood level at steady state in order to achieve desired result |
Toxic dose***
amnout of drug that will cause harmful side effect |
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Lethal dose ****
amount of drug that will cause death |
Therapeutic dose****
dose ccustomarily given prescribed according to body weight |
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PHARMACOLOGY ABREVIATIONS (different font do not use)
a.c. before meals ad lib as desired a.m. morning |
AQ aq. water
b.i.d. twice a day cc (mL) cubic centimeter DPT !!!!! (spell) diphtheria pertussus tetanus vaccine |
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H2O water
h.s. at bedtime IU !!!!! (spell) internataional units |
MAOI monozmine oxidase inhibitor anitdepressant drug
n.p.o. nothing by mouth NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
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O.D. (no) right eye
OTC over the counter O.S. left eye O.U. Each eye |
p. after
p.c. after meals p.o. by mouth PDR Physicians Desk Reference |
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p.m. afternoon
p.r.n. as needed q. every q.a.m. every morning |
q.d.!!!!! (spell) every day
qh. every hour q.h.s. spell at bedtime/nightly |
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q.i.d. four times a day
q.o.d. spell every other day q.p.m. every evening q.4h. every four hours |
q.8h. every eight hours
rx treatment/prescription/prescribe |
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sig. write on label
sol. solution stat immediately t.i.d. three times a day |
V.O. verbal order
w with x times/multiplied by |
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DRUG FORMS
cap capsule elix elixir qtt drop |
sol solution
supp suppository susp suspension tab tablet |
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tinct. tincture
ung, oint. ointment |
ROUTES
ID intradermal IM intramuscular IV intravenous |
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IVPB intravenous piggyback
PO p.o. oral R rectal SC subcu subq spell! subcutaneous |
sl sublingual
T topical |
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WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS
C Celsius dL deciliter dr dram |
g gram
gr grain gtt drop F Fahrenheit |
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ft feet
h hr hour kg kilogram L liter |
m min minim drop
mcg microgram mEq milliequivalent mg milligram |
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mg/dl milligram per deciliter
mill million mL milliliter |
mm millimeter
mmol millimole oz ounce pt pint |
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tsp t teaspoon
T tablespoon |
qt quart
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