Pharmacology

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Pharmacology

Back 1

broad description of a drug or medication; includes mechanism of action, parmacokinetic/dynamic parameters, drug interactions, aadverse efects, toxic effects

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pharmacotherapeutics

Back 2

pharmacology + disease state + patient; takes into consideration the pharmacology of a medication and broadens the concep by looking at how to use the medication in patients wtih various disease states

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polypharmacy

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basically, too many medications are taken by a patient; very common in the elderly; very common in patients seeing multiple practitioners; the problem? once >2 medications are taken internally, it is diffiult ot predict what is going on in the body

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pharmacokinetics

Back 4

what the body does to the drug..

absorption
distribution
metabolism
elimination

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pharmacodynamis

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what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action

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pharmacogenetics

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considers genetic factors (in patients) taht may have a neffect on a drug's responsiveness

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receptor

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drug targets;
specific target where medication will "do its job" or exert its effect; receptors could be a membrane protein, an enzyme, or a nucleic acid; the "lock and key hypothesis"--the drug and receptor must be structurally complementary to recognize each other and exert and effect

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agonists

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meds that bind to a receptor and activate it (morphine for pain)

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antagonists

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mesds that bind to a receptor, but do not have the exact structural features needed to activate it (ex. Narcan)

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beneficial or therapeutics effects

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what the drug is supposed to do via its mechanism of action (MOA); what is the drugs job?

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toxic effects vs side effects

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could be an extension of the therapeutic actions of the drug (ex, bleeding is the toxic effect from an anticoagulant; hypoglycemia is the toxic effect from insulin)

-can sometimes be avoided by appropriately managing the drug (dose, lab monitoring, non-pharmacologic interventions)

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chemical name

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often long and burdensome and hard to recognize/pronounce

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generic name

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internationally recognized name; only one generic name for every drug/medication

become available when the patent expries on a "brand" medication

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brand name/proprietary name

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patented property name from the pharmaceutical company that discovered or made the medication

drugs/medications have more than one brand/proprietary name

-gives no indivation of the pharmacologic action

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enteral administration

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PO (oral)

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parenteral administration

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IV (intravenous)
IM (intramuscular)
SC (subcutaneous)

involves a needle

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topical

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place medication on the skin or mucous membranes for absorption;

skin creams, vaginal products, patches, etc.

(almost always systemically absorbed)

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systemic

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circulation; vascular space; where most medications go once they are absorbed PO; where IV medications go immediately

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dosage form

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tablets
capsules
ointments
creams
sprays
lotions
etc

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predictable adverse drug reactions or side effects

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something that is expected to happen after the administration of a medication/drug

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hypersensitivity reactions

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different types; unexpected outcome after the administration of a medication

usually immune (IgE) mediated if previously exposed (Type 1 HS reaction)

ranges from hives to anaphylaxis

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refills for non-controlled substances (antibiotics, dermatologics, antihypersensitivites, etc)

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12 months

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refills for "c" (controlled substance/anything with addiction potential)

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DEA keeps track of these
(C1-CV)

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CIII-V

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6 months
can be phoned/faxed in

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CII:

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no refilles

cant be phoned or faxed in except in cases of emergency, and then the "hard" copy must follow immediately

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what is important about eye drop prescriptions?

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insurance companies calculate days supply of eyedrops down to the LAST DROP--so its important for patients to understand that "one drop" means ONE DROP

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solution (for eye drops)

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20 drops per mL

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suspension (for eye drops(

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12-15 drops per mL

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what must you do in order for the patinet to recieve the brand name product?

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write "brand necessary" or "brand medically necessary" on the Rx

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Ac

Back 30

before meals

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Ad

Back 31

right ear

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As

Back 32

left ear

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Am

Back 33

before noon, morning

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ATC

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around the clock

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Au

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each ear

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Bid

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Twice a day

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Bm

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bowel movement

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BSA

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body surface area

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C

Back 39

with

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Caps

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Capsules

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DC, disc

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an order to stop medication

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Gtt

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a drop

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h or hr.

Back 43

hour

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ha or h/a

Back 44

headache

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hs or HS

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at bedtime

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ID

Back 46

intradermal

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IM

Back 47

intramuscular

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Inj

Back 48

injection

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IV, iv

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intravenous

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IVP

Back 50

intravenous path

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Liq

Back 51

solution

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mcg (or ?g)

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microgram

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MEq

Back 53

milliequivalent

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Mg

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milligram

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mg/kg

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milligram per kilogram of body weight

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mg/m2

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milligram of drug per square meter of body surface area

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ml or mL

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milliliter

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NPO

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nothing by mouth

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NS or NSS

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normal saline or normal saline solution

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N&V

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nausea and vomitting

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Od

Back 61

right eye

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Os

Back 62

left eye

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Ou

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each eye

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Pc

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after meals

(think, post cereal, after cereal)

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Pm

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afternoon, evening

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Po

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by mouth

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Prn

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as/when necessary or when required

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Q or q

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each, every

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Qd or qd

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every day

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Qh or qh

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every hour

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Qid

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four times a day

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Qod

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every other day

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Qs

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as much as sufficient

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rect or R

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use rectally

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S

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without

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Sig

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(you) write

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Sl

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Sublingual (under the tongue)

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Ss

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one-half

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Stat

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immediately

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subc
subq
sc
sq

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subcutaneously

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supp

Back 81

suppository

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susp

Back 82

suspension

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syr

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syrup

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tab

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tablet

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tbsp

Back 85

tablespoon

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Tid

Back 86

three times a day

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Tiw

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three times a week

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Tsp

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teaspoon

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U or u

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unit

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Ud

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as directed