Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is an anticonvulsant?
|
A drug that decreases chance or onset of convulsions.
|
|
|
Seizure
|
*Altered brain function
With: - loss of consciousness - increased muscle tone or movement. - altered sensations |
|
|
Define Convulsion
|
*Spastic muscle movement
caused by stimulation of motor nerves in brain or spinal cord. |
|
|
What are the causes of convulsions (seizures)? (9)
|
1. hypoxia
2. hypoglycemia 3. hypocalcemia 4. toxicity 5. encephalitis 6. hydrocephalus 7. neoplasia 8. parasitism 9. Epilepsy |
|
|
Define Epilepsy
|
Recurring seizures.
|
|
|
Define Idiopathic Epilepsy?
|
Unknown cause of seizures
|
|
|
Define Status Epilepticus?
|
*Continuous or prolonged seizure activity.
Life threatening DUE TO HYPERTHERMIA! |
|
|
Seizure phases? (3)
|
1. Preictal
2. Ictal 3. Postictal |
Ictus
|
|
Preictal?
|
*"Aura"
*Before the seizure. *lasts minutes to hours. Symptoms: Panting & apprehension. |
|
|
Define Ictal
|
"ictus"
Seizure itself. |
|
|
Define Postictal
|
After the seizure.
confusion, weakness, blind. |
|
|
What are the two types of seizures?
|
1. Partial Seizure
2. Generalized Seizures |
|
|
Define Partial Seizure.
|
*Absence seizure
- Staring spell |
|
|
Define Generalized Seizure
|
*Affects the entire brain
|
|
|
How do you diagnosis?
|
Rule out possibilities. HX
Brain trauma Insecticides parasites heavy metal organ dysfunction inherited epilepsy |
|
|
What are the treatment options for seizures?
|
Phenobarbital
Pentobarbital Diazepam Potassium Bromide Primidone Phenytoin Levetiracetam Zonisamide |
|
|
Drug of choice for long term control of seizures?
|
Phenobarbital
|
|
|
Phenobarbital decreases the _____________ & the _____________ of seizures?
|
frequency & severity
|
|
|
Phenobarbital is metabolized by _____________ & excreted by the ____________?
|
Liver enzymes & kidneys
|
|
|
1. When should you collect blood on an animal prescribed phenobarbital?
2. What tube should you use? 3. Which should you not use and why? |
1. 4-6 hours post pill
2. RTT 3. SST 4. Gel absorbs drug. |
|
|
Side effects of Phenobarbital
|
*Sedation & Ataxia
- should diminish after 2-3wks of therapy. *Polyphagia *PU/PD *Elevation of ALT & ALP - RARE *Hyperexcitable - Idiosyncratic, uncommon |
|
|
Short acting drugs to treat seizures?
(Drug Category) |
Barbiturates
|
|
|
1. Pentobarbital controls seizures in ____________.
2. Pentobarbital Trade name? |
1. Seizures in progress.
2. Nembutal |
|
|
Drug of choice for emergency treatment of status epilepticus?
|
1. Diazepam (Valium)
|
|
|
Benzodiazepine drug to treat seizures?
|
Diazepam
|
|
|
Potassium Bromide is used when ____________ alone is not effective.
|
Phenobarbital
|
|
|
Potassium Bromide requires how many months to reach equilibrium?
|
3-5 months
|
|
|
1. Potassium Bromide has a ____________ therapeutic index.
2. Therapeutic dose is close to what dose? |
1. Narrow
2. Toxic dose |
|
|
Potassium Bromide CANNOT be used in what species? Why?
|
Cats! Causes Bronchitis!
|
|
|
1. Primidone is not used as much as the drug ____________.
2. Why? 3. Possible side effect? |
1. Phenobarbital
2. Primidone is metabolized into phenobarbital 3. Liver failure |
|
|
Mylepsin is the trade name for what drug?
|
Primidone
|
|
|
Dilantin is the trade name for what drug?
|
Phenytoin
|
|
|
What drug is poorly absorbed by dogs?
|
Phenytoin
|
|
|
Phenytoin is used with what drug?
|
Primidone
|
|
|
Phenytoin causes what syndrome?
|
Purple Glove Syndrome (PGS)
|
|
|
1. Keppra has minimal ___________ effects.
2. And decreased ___________ metabolism. |
1. sedative
2. hepatic |
|
|
Zonisamide is the trade name for what drug?
|
Zonegran
|
|
|
Zonegran is used to treat _____________ seizures in dogs?
|
refractory
|
|
|
Zonegran can be used with which 2 drugs?
|
Phenobarbital or potassium bromide
|
ph OR po
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE:
Zonegran is experimental in dogs. |
FALSE....
Experimental in CATS. |
|
|
Behavioral Meds used as aids in? (4)
|
1. Fears and phobias
2. Separation anxiety 3. Compulsive disorders 4. Age related disorders |
|
|
Are drugs alone enough to fix behavioral problems?
|
NO!
|
|
|
"Duration of Treatment" = ?
|
Duration of "misbehavior"
|
|
|
Informed consent is needed when?
|
*Using human drugs on animals
(off label use for many behavior drugs) |
|
|
Neurotransmitters include? (5)
|
GABA
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine |
|
|
Types of behavioral drugs? (3)
|
Antipsychotic
Antidepressant Anxiolytics |
|
|
Antipsychotic drugs are what type of drugs?
|
Major tranquilizers
|
|
|
What do antidepressants do for the patient?
|
Elevate mood
|
|
|
Anxiolytics decrease?
|
Anxiety and fear
|
|
|
Antipsychotic drugs are useful in reducing what?
|
Fear
|
|
|
1. Antipsychotics - Phenothiazines block what?
2. What do they affect? |
1. Block Dopamine receptors
2. Emotional behaviors |
|
|
Antipsychotics (major tranquilizers) are what type of drug?
Give 2 examples |
Phenothiazines
Acepromazine & Chlorpromazine |
|
|
Side effects of Antipsychotics (Phenothiazines)?
|
*Decreased interest in environment
*Increased aggression - Blocks learned adaptive behaviors |
|
|
What are the three classes of Antidepressants?
|
1. TCA's - Tricyclic Antidepressants
2. SSRI's - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 3. MAOI's - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors |
|
|
What are 2 TCA drugs?
|
*Amitriptyline (Elavil)
*Clomipramine (Clomicalm) |
|
|
Uses for TCA's?
|
*Generalized anxiety disorders
*Separation Anxiety *Inappropriate urination in cats *Excessive grooming in cats & birds *OCD in dogs *Decrease aggressive behaviors |
|
|
TCA's may lower what?
|
Seizure threshold
|
|
|
TCA's should be used with caution in patients with?
|
*Decreased GI mobility
*Urinary retention *Cardiac arrhythmias/blocks *Glaucoma *Hyperthyroid/receiving thyroid supplementation - Increased risk for arrhythmias |
|
|
Adverse effects of TCA's?
|
*Anorexia
*Vomiting/Diarrhea *Elevated liver enzymes *Sedation/lethargy/depression *Dry mouth |
|
|
TCA's cannot be mixed with what 2 types of drugs?
|
MAOI's or SSRI's
|
|
|
Clomipramine is used for?
|
*OCD
*Male dominance aggression *Fearful aggression, noise phobias & separation anxiety |
|
|
Amitriptyline is used for?
|
*Anxiety
*Spraying in cats *Treatment of Pruritis or chronic pain of neuropathic origin |
|
|
SSRI's are specific for?
|
Serotonin
|
|
|
SSRI drugs include? (3)
|
*Fluoxetine (Prozac, Reconcile)
*Sertraline (Zoloft) *Paroxetine (Paxil) |
|
|
What are SSRI's used for?
|
*Canine aggression
*OCD *Anxiety *Inappropriate elimination in cats |
|
|
Most common adverse reactions for SSRI's?
|
*Calm or Lethargy
*Reduced appetite *Vomiting/Diarrhea *Shaking *Restlessness/insomnia *Excessive vocalization *Aggression *Seizures |
|
|
How long should you wait after removing patient from Reconcile to start a new drug?
|
6 weeks
|
|
|
Name the MAOI drug
|
Anipryl (Selegiline)
|
|
|
MAOI (Anipryl - Selegiline) is used in what species?
Used for what? |
*Dogs
*Pituitary - dependent cushings syndrome *Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS = Dog alzheimer's) |
|
|
Anipryl (Selegiline) has what 2 out of 3 metabolites?
|
Amphetamine & Methamphetamine
|
|
|
Anipryl (Selegiline) has high abuse potential in?
|
Racing horses
|
|
|
Anipryl (Selegiline) adverse effects?
|
*Vomiting/Diarrhea
*Restlessness *Lethargy *Salivation *Anorexia *Diminished hearing/deafness |
|
|
What do Anxiolytics do?
|
Reduce Anxiety
|
|
|
Anxiolytic drugs are? (2)
|
*benzodiazepines
*azopirones |
|
|
Name the 4 Anxiolytic drugs
|
*Diazepam (Valium)
*Clonazepam (Valpax) *Lorazepam (Ativan) *Alprazolam (Xanax) |
|
|
Name the Anxiolytic, Azopirone drug
|
Buspirone (Buspar)
|
|
|
When giving oral form... What species do you use only Valium, not generic diazepam?
Why? |
*Cats
*May cause irreversible liver failure |
|
|
Benzodiazepines are used to treat?
|
*Fear
*Aggression *Separation Anxiety *Spraying in cats *Compulsive disorders *Appetite stimulant *Psychogenic alopecia/dermatitis in cats |
|
|
What is Buspirone used for?
|
Anxiety
|
|
|
NEW PRODUCTS:
Anxitane Common name? |
*Suntheanine
|
|
|
Novifit is used for?
|
*Sustaining processes most affected by aging
|
|
|
Neutricks has what protein?
Used for? |
*Jellyfish
*To replace natural calcium-binding proteins that diminish with age. |
|
|
Progestins -
1. Ovaban is used for what species? 2. Depo-Provera is used for what species? |
1. Ovaban = Cats
2. Depo-Provera = Cats&Dogs -Cats: Psychogenic alopecia/dermatitis -Dogs: Aggressive male behaviors |
|
|
Adverse effects of Progestins?
|
*Adrenocortical suppression
*Adrenal atrophy *DM, PU/PD, Weight gain *Lethargy *Mammary enlargement/neoplasia *Personality changes *Pyometritis, Endometritis *NEWER AND SAFER DRUGS ARE AVAILABLE |
|