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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Epi/NE/Isoproteronol
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local anesthetics, hemostatic, cardiac arrest/AV block, anaphylactic shock/allergic reactions, bronchial asthma
(Epi-alpha1,2,beta1,2) (NE-alpha1,2,beta1) (isoproteronol beta1,2) |
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Catecholamines
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Epi/NE/Isoproteronol, Dopamine, Dobutamine
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Dopamine
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Acute Renal Failure
Low dose: dopmain agonist high dose: beta-adrenergic (beta) |
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Dobutamine
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CHF
possible beta1 adrenergic agonist |
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Noncatecholamines
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Ephedrine, Phenylepherine
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Ephederine
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Urinary incontinence
(alpha, beta agonist) |
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Phenylepherine
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Hypotension & Shock, + Pupil Dilation
(alpha agonist) |
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Beta2 agonists
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Albuterol, Clenbuterol, Terbutaline
Bronchodilation (B2 agonist) |
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(Albuterol)
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(asthma)
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(Clenbuterol)
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(Horse: COPD)
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(terbulatine)
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(Horses, SA:___)
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Beta blockers
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Decrease b.p.
Propanalol, Atenolol (beta 1 agonist) |
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Antiadrenergic drugs
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beta blockers, alpha blockers
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Alpha blockers
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Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Prazosin
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Phenoxybenzamine
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Decrease urethral sphincter tone, Laminitis
(alpha1 & 2 antagonist) |
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Phentolamine
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Saves Epi injected in digits!, Pehochromocytoma
(alpha1, 2 antagonist) |
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Pilocarpine
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Glaucoma
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Reversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors
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Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Edrophonium, Pyridostigmine
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Irreversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors
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Malathion, Parathion, Dichlorvos (pesticides, flea collars)
Sarin, Tabun, Soman (nerve gas) |
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OPP toxicity: Symptoms
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Mild: pupillary constriction, tight chest, watery nasal discharge, wheezing
Severe: DUMBELS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstiction, excitation of skeletal muscles/CNS, lacrimation, salivation/sweating |
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Atropine
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Tachycardia, relaxes GI, decreases secretion, broncholiation, dry oral mucosa
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Parasympatholytic agents (muscurinic receptor antagonists)
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Atropine, Glycopyrrolate
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UB: filling
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ext sphincter contracted
stimulation nAChR, micturition Sympathetic: alpha1-AR (internal sphincter, base) & beta2-AR (body) stimulated Inhibition of Parasympathetic gn by sympathetic neurons |
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UB: micturition
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Ext sphincter relaxed
no stmulation of nAChR (aph-1, beta-2 AR) Activation of Parasympathetic flow --> simualtes mAChR Inhibition of Sympathetic outflow |
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Incontinence
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Hormonal, Neurological, Ectopic ureters, obstructions
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Pharmalogical Mgt of Urinary Incontinence
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Hormone responsive:
nAChR: Alpha AR agonist Increases internal sphincter tone Oral Diethylsilbestrol (DES), Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) |
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Pharmacology: Urge Incontinence
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mACh antgonist
reduces bladder contractility Oxybutynin |
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ANS
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secretory gls, smooth m, cardiac m, internal organs
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Somatic NS
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Efferents --> EFFECTORS
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ANS/Somatic: Similarities
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signals from periphery, signals from higher brain levels, integrative neurons in CNS
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Autonomic NS
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efferents --> PERIPHERAL GN --> 2o neurons --> EFFECTOR
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Sympathetic NS
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pregn fibers from THORACOLUMBAR regions, enter the PARAVERTEBRAL chain of sympathetic gn
Post gn fibers: LONG, MULTIPLE INNERVATION Heart excitation (HR, contractility force, conduction velocity) GI inhibition (digestion, motility, secretion) |
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Parasympathetic NS
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pre gn fibers: from MIDBRAIN, MEDULLA OBLONGATA, SACRAL SP CORD; enter gn CLOSE TO (WITHIN) INN structures
Post gn fibers: SHORT Heart Inhibition GI excitation |
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SNS/PSNS: Functional differences
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SNS: Extremely reactive , Mass discharge
PSNS: Discreet |
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SNS v. PSNS: Functional anatomy
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Pre gn fibers = CHOLINERGIC
post gn PSNS = CHOLINERGIC post gn SNS = ADRENERGIC |
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alpha-1 R
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Constriction of Vascular Smooth Muscle
vascular smooth muscle (skin, kidney, viscera, skeletal muscle): |
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alpha-2 R
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Autoinhibition of NE release
Pre-synpatic AR neurons (extra-synaptic vascular locations) |
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beta-1 R
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Increased HR, Contractility, Conduction Velocity
SA Node, Atria, Ventricles |
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beta-2
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Dilation of Airwayway
-pulmonary airway muscle Dilation of Blood vessels -vasculature or skeletal muscle Auto-stimuation of NE release -presynaptic AR neurons |
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Catecholamines
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Beta-agonist: ARF (Dopamine)
Beta-1 agonist: CHF (Dobutamine) |
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Noncatecholamines
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alhpa/beta: Urinary incontinence (Ephedrine)
alpha agonist: *Pupilary dilation, + Hypotension/Shock (Phenylephrine) beta-2 agonists: asthma, COPD, allergic/anaphylaxis (albuterol, clenbuterol, terbutaline) |
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Antiadrenergic drugs
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beta-1 antagonist: decrease bp. (propanalol, atenolol)
"Beta blockers" alpha 1,2 antagonists- decrease urethral sphincter rone, + Laminitis (phenoxybenzamine), Epi injected digits (phentolamine), alpha -2 central sedation (prazosin) "Alpha blockers" |
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Cholinergic/Cholinomimetic
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drugs that produce ACh-like effects
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Parasympathomimetic
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drugs that produce ACh-like effects at parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions
Direct acting: agonists at mAChR Cholinesterase inhibitors: blockers of AChesterases that degrade endogenous ACh |
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Parasympatholytic
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drugs thatblock or inhibit ACh-like effects at parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions
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Cholinergics: PSNS
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miosis, inhibit heart, dilation of bvs., constriction of bronchioles, GI excitation, micturition, sweating, salivation, lacrimation, nasopharyngeal SECRETIONS
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Direct-Acting Parasympathomimetics
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Choline Esters (ACh, Methacholine, Carbacholine/Carbamylcholine, Bethanechol/Urecholine)
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Carbachol, Bethanechol
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NOT susceptible to cholinesterase
Good AGONISTS of mACh at GI, UB.....(+/-CV) Carbachol = AGONIST of nAChR Bethanechol = NOT agonist of nAChR |
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M1, M2, M3
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M1 = GI
M2 = CV M3 = UB |
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Direct-Acting Parasympathomimetics: Choline esters
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Act on Smooth Muscle (mAChR)
GI, UB +/-nAChR |
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Cholinomimetic Alkaloids
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mACh agonists (pilocarpine, arecoline, muscarine)
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Pilocarpine
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GLAUCOMA Tx (=increases secretion, aka "dry eyes")
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Adverse effects of Parasympathomimetics
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slowing of HR, AV block --> cardiac standstill
increase airway resistance (incr secretions, bronchoconstriction) --> dyspnea Hypotension "SLUD" (secretory, smooth muscle, sphincter effects) |
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Carbachol, nAChR effects
(higher concentrations) |
stimulation of SYMPATHETIC Gn
catecholamine release from adrenal skeletal muscle fasiculations |
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors (Indirect Acting Parasympathomimetics)
Reversible |
AChesterase terminates endogenous Ach practically everywhere it is released:
Automonic gn, Parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions, smoatic neuromuscular junctions, Adrenal medulla, CNS |
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Irreversible |
OPPs
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ACh effects at
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ANS gn, Parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions, Somatic neuromuscular jnctions (Voluntary/Skeletal muscle), Adrenal medulla, CNS
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Irreversible Cholinesterase inhibitor
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Mild: miosis, chest tightening, nasal secreiton, wheezing
Severe: SLUD, miosis, bronchoconstriction, Excitation of Skeletal muscle & CNS, |
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Parasympatholytic agents (mACh R antagonists)
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Tachycardia, Relaxes GI, decreases secrtion, broncodilation, dry oral mucosa (atroine, glycopyrrolate)
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