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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Local drug activity
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drug action occurring only at the site of application (usually on skin or mucous membranes)
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Systemic drug activity
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action of a drug that is absorbed then distributed throughout the body.
1. Action may be on whole body OR only on a specific target organ 2. Toxic effects may occur when drug applied for local effects - becomes systemically absorbed. -birth control -antibiotics |
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Skin and Mucous membranes
GI tract Parenteral routes |
What are the general routes of administration of a drug?
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Skin
Nasal mucosa Inhalation Genitourinary |
What are the subgroups in skin and mucous membranes?
(chiefly "topical" routes) |
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Skin
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local action usually intended
a. caution - skin broken - can lead to systemic absorption. b. uses - antiseptic, cleansing, emollient |
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Nasal Mucosa
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a. local - spray, nose drops, decongestants, hemostatics caution - if too much applied may become systemically absorbed caution - even if correctly used may be dangerous if patient has contraindications (high BP, glaucoma)
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Inhalation
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a. local - antibiotics
- detergents and enzymes for breaking up secretions b. systemic -anesthetics, CO2 and O2. |
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Genitourinary
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a. usually LOCAL action intended
b. caution - if tramatized tissue, can get dangerous systemic effect. |
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1. oral
2. Sublingual and buccal 3. Rectal |
What are the 3 enteral routes that a drug may be administered?
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1. oral
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usually for SYSTEMIC effect (exception: antacids, etc)
a. reasons used 1. convenience - simplest way to reach bloodstream 2. safety - often less expensive than injection b. timing around meals c. contraindications of oral route |
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2. Sublingual and buccal
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below tongue or cheek
a. systemic - for drugs destroyed by LIVER or digestive enzymes b. local - anesthetic or antiseptic (dentist) |
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3. Rectal
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a. local - stimulate defectation reflex
b. systemic - retention enemas or suppositories 1. bypass liver and digestive enzymes 2. irritating to stomach 3. uncooperative or unconsious patient 4. antiemetic (vomiting) |
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GI tract
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usually for SYSTEMIC effect (exception: antacids, etc)
a. reasons used 1. convenience - simplest way to reach bloodstream 2. safety - often less expensive than injection b. timing around meals c. contraindications of oral route below tongue or cheek a. systemic - for drugs destroyed by LIVER or digestive enzymes b. local - anesthetic or antiseptic (dentist) a. local - stimulate defectation reflex b. systemic - retention enemas or suppositories 1. bypass liver and digestive enzymes 2. irritating to stomach 3. uncooperative or unconsious patient 4. antiemetic (vomiting) |
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1. convenience
2. safety 3. cost |
What are the 3 reasons why the oral route is used?
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timing around meals (oral)
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before - quicker absorption, but more easily destroyed
with - drug irritations after - slower absorption desired |
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Local
Rectal |
Local or systemic and what is it?
stimulate defecation reflex |
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Systemic
Rectal |
Local or systemic and what is it?
retention enemas or suppositories 1. bypass liver and digestive enzymes 2. irritate to stomach 3. uncooperative or unconsious patient 4. antiemetic (vomiting) |
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contraindications of oral route
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1. patient vomiting or unconscious
2. drug too irritating 3. drug doesn't reach blood in high enough concentration a. not absorbed through GI tract b. destroyed by digestive enzymes c. destroyed by liver - portal system - bypass using sublingual, buccal, or rectal route. |
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concentration
liver |
1. patient vomiting or unconscious
2. drug too irritating 3. drug doesn't reach blood in high enough ____________ a. not absorbed through GI tract b. destroyed by digestive enzymes c. destroyed by _______ - portal system - bypass using sublingual, buccal, or rectal route. |
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Parenteral routes
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refers to injections (literally other than GI tract)
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Parenteral routes
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1. More hazardous route
2. Type of injection depends upon placement of needle 3. The most commonly given injections are: subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous. |