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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Minor drug rxn |
No Therapy, antidote or prolongation of hospitalization required |
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Moderate drug rxn |
Requires change in drug therapy, specific treatment or prolongs hospitalization by at least one day |
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Severe drug rxn |
Potentially life threatening, causes permanent damage or requires intensive medical treatment |
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Lethal drug rxn |
Directly or indirectly contributes to death of the patient |
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What 6 serious adverse events must be reported to FDA? |
1. Death 2. Life-threatening 3. Hospitalization (initial or prolonged) 4. Disability or Permanent Damage 5. Congenital Anomaly/Birth Defect 6. Required Intervention to Prevent Permanent Impairment or Damage (Devices) |
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Excessive pharmacological action of the drug due to overdosage or prolonged use leads to _______. |
Drug toxicity |
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Drug toxicity may be_______or________. |
absolute (accidental, homicidal, suicidal) or relative(therapeutic dose of gentamicin in presence of renal failure) |
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Intolerance |
The appearance of the characteristic toxic effects of a drug in an individual at therapeutic doses. |
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Intolerance is due to the ________ of the patient to the drug effect |
Low threshold |
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what is a drug allergy |
An immunologically mediated reaction producing stereotype symptoms which are unrelated to the pharmacodynamic profile of the drug |
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Drug allergies are largely independent of _____. |
dosage |
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drug allergy is also called______. |
drug hypersensitivity |
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The drug or its metabolite acts as an _______and induce production of antibodies |
antigen |
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Drugs Frequently Causing Allergic Reactions (Please Send The Sluts Around Cuz All Like Penis) |
•Penicillins •Sulphonamides •Tetracyclines •Salicylates •ACE inhibitors •Cephalosporins •Allopurinol •Local anesthetics •Phenothiazines |
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what is Photosensitivity? |
A reaction resulting from drug induced sensitization of the skin to UV radiation |
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5 examples of drugs that cause photosensitivity? (Try To Save Pink Flamingos) |
Tetracyclines Thiazides Sulfones Phenothiazines Fluroquinolones |
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Drug withdrawal rxn |
Sudden interruption of therapy with certain drugs results in adverse consequences |
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Drug withdrawal rxn's will ________ the clinical condition for which the drug was used |
worsen |
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what is drug dependence? |
A state in which use of drugs for personal satisfaction is accorded a higher priority than other basic needs, often in the face of known risks to health. |
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what are two types of drug dependence? |
1.Psychological dependence (e.g.cocaine, BZD) and 2.Physical dependence (withdrawal symptoms on stoppage of the drug |
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physical drug dependence is due to ______. |
neuroadaptation |
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physical dependence leads to _____. |
addiction |
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The tendency of a drug to cause fetal abnormalities when administered to the pregnant mother is called ______. |
Teratogenicity |
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the placenta is a ______ barrier to drugs. |
weak |
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what two factors determine the type of malformation. |
drug and stage of exposure |
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a drug can affect a fetus in which 3 phases |
1. Fertilization & implantation 2. Organogenesis 3. growth & development |
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length of fertilization & implantation |
conception to 17 days |
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exposure to teratogen in the fertilization and implantation leads to______otherwise known as______. |
failure of pregnancy all or none |
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length of organogenesis |
18-55 days of gestation |
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which of the 3 stages is most vulnerable |
organogenesis |
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what occurs in this phase if exposed to a teratogen |
deformities |
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length of growth & development phase |
56 days to birth |
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what kind of abnormalities can occur in this phase |
developmental & functional |
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what is the safest category of pregnancy |
category A |
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which category is considered HIGH risk & can only be administered if there are no other options for life saving |
category D |
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most drugs on the market are what category |
category C |
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what category is contraindicated in pregnancy |
category X |
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what are drug induced diseases |
functional disturbances caused by drugs which persist even after the offending drug has been withdrawn |
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drug induced diseases are also called |
iatrogenic diseases |
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One of the factors that can alter the response to drugs is_______. |
concurrent administration of other drug |
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two types of drug-drug interactions |
pharmacokinetic & pharmacodynamic |
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pharmacokinetic is_____. |
absorption,distribution, metabolism, excretion |
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pharmacodynamic is ______. |
additive,synergistic, or antagonistic effects |
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Pharmacodynamic Interactions occur when |
drugs with similar pharmacologic effects are administered concurrently |
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proper use of drugs can ______ adverse effects |
minimize |
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what is PPB |
plasma protein binding |
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what can effect PPB |
diseases |
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drugs may compete for the same protein. if drug B binds more than Drug A, Drug A's plasma concentration______. this can lead to ________of drug A |
increases, adverse effects |
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Microsomal enzymes inducers do what? what does it lead to? |
increase synthesis of an enzyme Decreased duration & intensity of a drug action |
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what is the name of the enzyme
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cytochrome P450 enzyme
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where is it found
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liver |
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other inducers include_____. triple A(AAA) Gives A Car |
Anticonvulsants(Phenytoin barbiturates, carbamazepine) Aromatichydrocarbons (smoking) Antibiotics– Rifampin Glucocorticoids* Antifungal – Griseofulvin Chronicalcoholism |
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microsomal enzyme inhibitors do what? what does it lead to? |
Decreased synthesis of cytochrome P450 liver enzymes slow metabolism of a drug so it stays longer in the body |
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4 examples of microsomal enzymes inhibitors |
1 .Antiulcer drugs (Cimetidine#1 & omeprazole) 2. Grapefruit juice 3. Antibiotics (Chloramphenicol,macrolides, ritonavir– HIV protease inhibitor, ketoconazole- antifungal) 4. Acute alcohol |
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consequence of microsomal enzymes inhibitors |
Toxicity of the drug whose metabolism has been inhibited |