Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is metronidazole active against
|
protozoa and anaerobic bacteria
|
|
what is the absorbtion of metronidazole like
|
well absorbed
|
|
how is metronidazole given
|
IV
|
|
what is the mechanism of action of metronidazole
|
it binds to DNA and interferes w/ nucleic acid synthesis
|
|
what type of penetration is seen in metronidazole
|
penetrates the CNS
|
|
when should you reduce the dose of metronidazole and why
|
reduce w/ hepatic dysfunction b/c of hepatic metabolism
|
|
what provides excellent coverage for Bacteroides fragilis and C difficile
|
metronidazole
|
|
what is the drug of choice for pseudomembranous colitis
|
metronidazole
|
|
what is active against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria
|
metronidazole
|
|
what drug is effective in mixed intra-abdominal infections and brain abscesses
|
metronidazole
|
|
what drug is useful for Gardnerella vaginalis, H. pylori, trichomoniasis, and amebiasis
|
metronidazole
|
|
what is metronidazole useful for
|
Gardnerella vaginalis, H. pylori, trichomoniasis, and amebiasis
|
|
what are the adverse affects of metronidazole
|
GI irritation, gun metal taste, disulfiram rxn, leukopenia
|
|
what interactions should be aware of when giving metronidazole
|
Potentiation of coumadin, avoid ethanol consumption while on Metronidazole
|
|
true or false: mupirocin is unrelated to any other drug
|
true
|
|
what is mupirocin active against
|
gram + cocci
|
|
what is the mechanism of action of mupirocin
|
Inhibits staphylococcal isoleucyl tRNA synthetase
|
|
what does H pylori cause
|
ulcers
|
|
how is mupirocin given
|
only orally
|
|
what drug is Indicated for impetigo, and for the elimination of MRSA from the nares
|
mupirocin
|
|
what is mupiricin indicated for
|
Indicated for impetigo, and for the elimination of MRSA from the nares
|
|
what drug cann given prophylactially for MRSA
|
mupiricin
|
|
what drug is a polypeptide antibiotic
|
polymyxin
|
|
what drug is the "alter ego" of bacitracin
|
polymixin
|
|
is polymixin cidal or static and what for
|
cidal- gram neg. bacteria q0
|
|
what is the mechanism of action of polymixin
|
acts like a detergent and disrupts cell membrane-disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane thus allowing the cytoplasmic contents to leak out
|
|
what is a topical Rx for gram neg infections
|
polymixin
|
|
what drug is nephrotoxic is given systemically
|
polymixin
|
|
what drug is classified as a urinary tract antiseptic
|
nitrofurantoin
|
|
where is the antibacterial activity of nitrofurantoin localized to
|
urinary bladder
|
|
how is nitrofurantoin given
|
orally w/ food
|
|
what happens when nitrofurantoin is given w/ food
|
the food increases absorption and decreases GI absorption
|
|
which drug when given orally w/ food increases absorption and decreases GI absorption
|
nitrofurantoin
|
|
which drug has rapid excretion to the urine
|
nitrofurantoin
|
|
true or false: nitrofurantoin causes systemic effects
|
false- lacks systemic effects
|
|
what drug is cidal for gram pos and neg organisms and commonly causes UTI's with the exception of proteus and pseudomonas
|
nitrofurantoin
|
|
what is nitrofurantoin also known as
|
macrodanton
|
|
what is the mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin
|
causes DNA strand breakage
|
|
what drug is contraindicated b/c of severe renal impairment
|
nitrofurantoin
|
|
what drug antagonizes the action of Nalidixic acid
|
nitrofurantoin
|
|
what drug causes GI distress, rash, phototoxicity, neuropathy, and pulmonary fibrosis and hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients
|
nitrofurantoin
|
|
what are the adverse effects of nitrofurantoin
|
cause GI distress, rash, phototoxicity, neuropathy, and pulmonary fibrosis and hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients
|
|
what type of drug is nalidixic acid
|
quinolone
|
|
what is nalidixic acid active against
|
many gram-negatives except proteus and pseudomonas
|
|
true or false: naldixic acid is a urinary tract antiseptic w/ systemic efficacy
|
false, urinary tract antiseptic w/out systemic efficacy
|
|
what drug has resistance that emerges rapidly
|
nalidixic acid
|
|
what drug exhibits cross resistance w/ fluroquinolones
|
nalidixic acid
|
|
what drug can cause rash phototoxicity and CNS stimulation
|
nalidixic acid
|
|
what drug releases formaldehyde when in the presence of acidic urine
|
methenamine
|
|
what drug forms insoluble complexes with sulfonamides
|
methenamine
|
|
if a combination of drugs forms insoluble complexes with sulfonamides, should they be used together
|
no
|
|
what drug is used as a urinary tract antiseptic to suppress but not treat UTI
|
methenamine
|
|
how is methenamine be used
|
as a urinary tract antiseptic to suppress but not treat UTI
|
|
what drug may give a false positive test for urinary catecholamine metabolites
|
methenamine
|
|
what are the 2 acohols
|
ethanol and isopropyl alcohol
|
|
what drug is Rapidly active, killing vegetative bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and many fungi and inactivating lipophillic viruses
|
alcohol
|
|
what is acohol active against
|
alcohol vegetative bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and many fungi and inactivating lipophillic viruses
|
|
what is the optimum bactericidal concentration
|
60-90% by volume in water
|
|
how do alcohols act
|
be denaturing proteins
|
|
what reduces nosocomial infections and are the preferred method of hand decontamination per the CDC
|
alcohol based hand rubs
|
|
what are alcohol based hand rubs ineffective against
|
spores of C diff
|
|
assiduous handwashing with a disinfectant soap and water is still required for what
|
decontamination after caring for a patient with infection from this organism
|
|
true or false: chlorohexadine digluconate is water soluble
|
true
|
|
what drug is used in water-based formulations as an antiseptic
|
chlorhexidine digluconate
|
|
what drug is active against vegetative bacteria and mycobacteria and has moderate activity against fungi and viruses
|
chlorahexadine
|
|
what is the mechanism of action of chlorahexadine
|
strongly adsorbs to bacterial membranes, causing leakage of small molecules and precipitation of cytoplasmic proteins
|
|
what is chlorahexadine more active against
|
gram + cocci
|
|
when is chlorahexadine contraindicated
|
during surgery of the middle ear space because it can cause sensorineural deafness
|
|
what drug is a halogen
|
iodine
|
|
what drug in a 1:20,000 solution is bactericidal in 1 minute and kills spores in 15 minutes
|
iodine
|
|
what is the most active antiseptic for intact skin
|
tincture of iodine
|
|
what drug is not commonly used because of serious hypersensitivity reactions that may occur and because of its staining of clothing and dressings
|
tincture of iodine
|
|
what drugs are halogens
|
iodine, Iodophors,
|
|
what are Iodophors
|
complexes of iodine with a surface-active agent such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP; povidone-iodine).
|
|
what are iodophors active against
|
Kill vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and lipid-containing viruses
|
|
what drug may be sporicidal upon prolonged exposure
|
iodophors
|
|
tincture of iodine or iodophors: which one is less irritating and less likely to produce skin hypersensitivity
|
iodophors
|
|
what drug acts as rapidly as chlorhexidine and have a broader spectrum of action, including sporicidal action
|
iodophors
|
|
true or false: iodophors lack the persistent action of chlorohexadine
|
iodophors
|
|
what is chlorine
|
household bleach
|
|
what % of sodium hypochlorate is in chlorine
|
5.25%
|
|
what does the CDC recommend as a ratio dilution of bleach for disinfection of blood spills
|
1:10
|
|
how should chlorine be applied
|
for 10 minutes at 24 degrees C
|
|
what drug consists of a benzene ring with an hydroxyl group attached
|
phenols
|
|
what drug is the oldest surgical antiseptic
|
phenols
|
|
what drug is no longer used because of its toxicity
|
phenols
|
|
how can phenols be made less toxic
|
by replacing a hydrogen from the aromatic ring with a functional group
|
|
what drug can cause cerebral edema and seizures.
|
phenols- Hexachlorophene
|
|
what drugs are cationic surface active agents
|
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
|
|
what is the general structure of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
|
polar end and a long lipophillic hydrocarbon chain on the other end
|
|
what is the mech. of action of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
|
Disruption of cell membranes, denaturation of proteins
|
|
what drug does the CDC does not recommend the use as antiseptics of because pseudomonas can grow in the antiseptic solution
|
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
|
|
what are the 2 aldehydes
|
Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
|
|
what drugs should be used for sterilization of instruments that cannot withstand pressured steam
|
Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
|
|
what are aldehydes not corrosive for
|
metal plastic rubber
|
|
what drug is a potential carcinogen
|
formaldehyde
|
|
how is superoxidized water formed
|
electrolysis of saline
|
|
what are the active compounds of superoxidized water
|
Hypochlorous acid and chlorine
|
|
what is superoxidized water used for
|
disinfection of endoscopes and dental materials
|
|
true or false: superoxidized water is nontoxic and requires no special disposal precautions
|
true
|
|
what drugs have high killing activity and a broad spectrum against bacteria, spores, viruses, and fungi
|
Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic
|
|
Hydrogen peroxide and peracetic are types of what
|
peroxygen compounds
|
|
what are the characteristics of the decomposition products of peroxygen compounds
|
not toxic and do not injure the environment
|
|
what elements are heavy metals
|
silver/mercury, thimerosal
|
|
true or false: silver and mercury cannot be used as disinfectants
|
false: can be
|
|
what drug is used as a preservative in vaccines, antitoxins, and immune sera
|
Thimerosal
|
|
what is the active ingredient of thimerosal
|
mercury
|
|
of what drug is the active component mercury
|
thimerosal
|
|
Inorganic silver salts are strongly: cidal or static
|
bacteriocidal
|
|
what is the ration of silver nitrate
|
1:1000
|
|
what drug is used for prophylaxis of gonococcal ophthalmitis in newborns and in what ratio
|
silver nitrate 1:1000
|
|
what drug slowly releases silver and is used to suppress bacterial growth in burn wounds.
|
silver sulfadiazine
|
|
what is the basic method for sterilizing instruments and decontaminating materials
|
pressurized steam (autoclaving) at 120°C for 30 minutes
|
|
how should instruments be sterilized when autoclaving is not possible
|
ethylene oxide diluted with either fluorocarbon or carbon dioxide to diminish explosive hazard is used at 440-1200 mg/L at 45-60°C with 30-60% relative humidity.
|
|
what would prevent an instrument from being autoclaved
|
lensed instruments and materials containing plastic and rubber
|
|
true or false: Disinfectants are used in medications, vaccines, cosmetic products, and contact lens to prevent the growth of bacteria
|
true
|
|
how are preservatives given
|
multi vs single dose vials
|
|
what is the correct definition for: application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection
|
antisepsis
|
|
what is antisepsis
|
Application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection
|
|
what is the definition of: Destruction or marked reduction in number or activity of microorganisms
|
decontamination
|
|
what is decontamination
|
Destruction or marked reduction in number or activity of microorganisms
|
|
what is disinfection
|
Chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces
|
|
what is the defintion of: Chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces
|
disinfection
|
|
what is sanitation
|
Reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes
|
|
what is the definition of: Reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes
|
sanitation
|
|
what is sterilization
|
A process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptable low probability of survival
|
|
what is the definition of: A process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptable low probability of survival
|
sterilization
|
|
what is pasteurization
|
A process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65-100 degrees C
|
|
what is the definition of: A process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65-100 degrees C
|
pasteurization
|