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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Responsible for most of the digestive functions
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Duodenum or small intestine
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Occur in the stomach and duodenum
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Peptic ulcers
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Manifests with pain 1-2 hours after eating
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Gastric ulcer
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Pain 2-4 hours after eating and may wake the patient at night
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Duodenal ulcer
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An ulcer that occurs in relation to acute or chronic sources of stress
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Stress ulcer
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Most common source of ulcers
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Helicobacter pylori
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Gram negative bacteria that colonizes in the gastric mucosa
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Helicobacter pylori
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CTZ
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Chemoreceptor trigger zone
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VC
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Vomiting center
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Drugs that block the final stage of gastric acid production
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Proton pump inhibitors
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Used for symptomatic heart burn, ulcers associate with H. pylori
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Omeprazole
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Omeprazole
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PPI
Metabolism is largely in the liver using the chromosome P-450 system. Effects generally last longer than 24 hours. Suppresses the last phase of gastric acid production. |
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Omeprazole
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Dizziness, asthenia have been reported as side effects as well as constipation, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
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Omeprazole
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Doses larger than 80mg should be divided.
Should be taken before meals and should not be crushed or chewed. Antacids may be taken concurrently. |
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Used to treat ulcers and gastritis using aluminum salts of sulfated sucrose
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Sucralfate
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Sucralfate
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Adheres to the ulcer.
Take sucralfate one hour before meals and 30 minutes before or after antacids |
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Block gastric acid secretions at all phases.
Treatment of active ulcers. |
H-2 blockers
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Ranitidine
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Reversible inhibitory affect on the action of histamine at the receptor sites.
Metabolized in the liver and excreted unchanged in the urine after 24 hours |
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Ranitidine
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Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity.
Category B drug. Caution should be taken for any patient with renal or hepatic impairment. |
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Ranitidine
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Take antacids and Ranitidine at least 2 hours apart so absorption of Ranitidine not impaired.
IV push >2 min. diluted with at least 20 ml NS. Report symptoms:dark tarry stools, frank blood,coffee ground emesis. |
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Increase the gastric pH thereby neutralizing the gastric acid.
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Antacids
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Treat symptoms of heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach.Also effective in treating gastritis an esophagitis.
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Antacids
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Antacids
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Increases the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter and the aluminum in the antacids also inhibit gastric emptying.Antacids with aluminum only may cause constipation.Those with only magnesium may cause diarrhea. Thus, a combination of these 2 components balances these effects.
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Increase the effects of acetylcholine on the gut and increase peristalsis and emptying.
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Metroclopramine or Reglan
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GI stimulants
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Diabetic gastroparesis,short term therapy in GERD who do not respond well to other therapies. Postoperative and chemotherapy nausea.
Unlabeled used include increasing breast milk, treating esophageal varices and migraine headache. |
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Metroclopramine
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Readily absorbed and widely distributed throughout the body. Highly protein bound, it does cross the placenta, and the blood brain barrier. In patients with renal insufficiency the dose may need to be reduced.
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Reglan
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Shown to produce depression and suicidal ideation in patients with no history of depression.
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Reglan
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Should be given 40 minutes before meals and IV must be diluted and given slowly
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Break down food to an absorbable form in patients who have pancreatitis, resection of the pancreas, obstructions and malabsorption
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Digestive enzymes
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Contains lipase, protease, and amylase
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Pancrelipase
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Side effects of Pancrelipase
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Nausea, cramping and diarrhea.
Note:should not be given with in 2 hours of antacids. |
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Pancrelipase
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Enzymes should be given with each meal and with snacks. Patients should be cautioned not to crush or chew.
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Treat obesity.
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Lipase inhibitors/reuptake inhibitor
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Characterized by abnormal movement thru the lower GI tract, either too fast or too slow
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IBS or irritable bowel syndrome
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Characterized by inflammation of the small or large intestine.Includes crohns and ulcerative colitis.
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IBD or irritable bowel disease
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Inflammation of the large intestine where ulcers form in the mucosa of the colon or rectum, with possible pus, blood and diarrhea occurring.
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UC or ulcerative colitis
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inflammation in the deeper layers of the intestine.Can occur anywhere along the intestines. Ulcers can form anywhere along the intestines as well. Diarrhea is the main symptom.Blood often accompanies the diarrhea.
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Crohn's Disease
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Decrease the production of gas
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Antiflatulants
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Simethicone
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Not absorbed from the GI tract.
Excreted in feces. No contraindications or adverse effects. |
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Slow the motility of the intestine
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Antidiarrheals
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Lomotil
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Metabolized in the liver.
Excreted in feces. |
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Lomotil
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Undesirable effects such as dry mouth and tachycardia.
Drowsiness and dizziness are the most common sided effects.CNS complaints include both euphoria and depression, headache malaise and lethargy. |
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Saline based laxatives
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Milk of Magnesium (MOM) or Magnesium hydroxide
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Hyperosmotic laxatives
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Golytly
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Stimulant
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Senna and Cascara
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Bulk forming laxatives
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Fibercon and Metamucil
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Stool softeners
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Colace
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Lubricant based
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Mineral oil
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Magnesium hydroxide
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Saline laxatives used for acute and chronic constipation.onset for this medication is 30 minutes to 3 hours with a BM generally occurring within 6 hours. Excretion is via the kidney and GI tract.
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Magnesium hydroxide
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Precautions for this medication in renal insufficiency.
Large doses may cause adverse effects including overactive bowel. Use of benzodiazepines, digoxin, and H2 blockers concurrently with magnesium hydroxide may decrease the desired effects of those medications. |
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Nursing interventions for use of laxatives.
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Patients using laxatives should include plenty of fluid, particularly water, and using laxatives for short term only. Because laxatives can interfere with other medications they should not be taken within 2 hours of any other medication.
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Only drug approved specifically for IBS with diarrhea predominance in the United States
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Alosetron
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Alosetron
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It is not used in those with constipation. It may be taken without regard to food. The medication is protein bound
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Medications to treat IBD
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Class 5-ASA preparations:Mesalamine, sulfasalazine, Osalazine, and Balsalazine.
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Inflisimab or Remicade
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drugs that alter the immune response to treat IBD.Produce a monoclonal antibody. Remicade is administer IV. The most common adverse effect is an infusion reaction
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Suppresses the CTZ and VC, used to treat nausea and vomiting
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Antiemetics
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Located near the VC, stimulated by drugs, chemicals, toxin, hormonal changes, some disease states and altered metabolism states
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Chemoreceptor trigger zone
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Break down chime into nutrients the body can absorb
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Digestive enzymes
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Gram negative, spiral bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
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All layers of the wall of the stomach are eroded
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Peptic ulcer
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