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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Inhibits cough reflex by direct effect on brainstem cough center
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Antitussive
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Bind to alpha 1 receptors located on the blood vessels of the nasal mucosa and stimulate vasoconstriction
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Decongestant
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-Block H1 histamine subtype receptor thus blocking the effects of histamine during allergic reactions and the like
-May have some effect on the H3 receptor (sedation) |
Antihistamine
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Bind to beta-2 receptor resulting in relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle → bronchodilation
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Beta 2 Agonist
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-Inhibit production of proinflammatory products while increasing the production anti-inflammatory proteins
-Decrease vascular permeability -Inhibit migration of neutrophils and monocytes |
Respiratory Glucocorticoid
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-Block muscarinic cholinergic receptors to prevent acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction
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Anticholinergic Drugs
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-Block receptor for leukotriene on respiratory tissue to decrease inflammation
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Leukotriene Inhibitors
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-Base combines with excess hydrogen ions in the stomach to increase intragastric pH
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Antacid
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-Selectively bind to H2 receptors without activating it to prevent acid release
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H2 Blocker
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-Irreversibly block the H+, K+, -ATPase enzyme that secretes acid into the stomach
-Must be activated when drug in at site of action (i.e. take with food) |
Proton Pump Inhibitor
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-Decrease GI motility and reduce fluid loss
-Bind to neuronal receptors (mu) on enteric nerve plexus |
Antidiarrheal (Loperamide)
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-Stimulate water and electrolyte reabsorption from lower GI tract
-Anti bacterial effects -Antacid effects |
Antidiarrheal (Bismuth)
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-Absorb water and swell within lower GI tract→ increased size stretches the bowel stimulating intestinal movement
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Bulk forming laxatives
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-Precise MOA: unknown
-May activate peristalsis by direct irritant effect on the intestinal mucosa or stimulating nerve plexus within gut wall |
Stimulant laxatives
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Osmotically active substances produces a gradient the draw water into the bowel→ stimulates peristalsis
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Hyperosmotic laxative
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-Facilitate entry of water into the fecal mass→ stool softens→ easier defecation
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Lubricant/ stool softener laxative
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-1) Alteration in protein synthesis: steroid enters cell and binds to receptor in cytosol→ complex enters the nucleus and binds to specific DNA gene segment that controls inflammation (inhibits transcriptions)
-2) Binding to cell surface proteins that changes membrane permeability and enzyme activity |
Adrenocorticosteroid Glucocorticoid
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-Binds to receptors in epithelial cells of the distal tubule of the nephron
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Mineralocorticoid (Fludrocortisone)
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-1) Mineralocorticoids bind to receptors in tubular epithelial cell to create an activated hormone-receptor complex→ complex travels to the nucleus→ initiates transcription of mRNA→ makes proteins→ proteins help open sodium channels→ sodium goes out f cell
-2) Mineralocorticoids bind to receptors on epithelial cell membrane that increase the activity of existing sodium channels and pumps |
Mineralocorticoid Antagonist
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-Inhibits thyroid peroxidase enzyme (which helps prepare iodide for addition to tyrosine residue)
-Blocks conversion of T4 to T3 |
Hyperthyroid Drugs
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-Give synthetic thyroid hormone to replace natural hormone that is deficient
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Hypothyroid Drug
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-Provide addition calcium source to prevent calcium depletion and encourage bone formation
-Doesn’t prevent osteoporosis -Useful in combination with other agents |
Bone Drugs (Calcium)
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-Enhance bone formation by increasing the absorption and retention of calcium and phosphate in the body
-Useful for treating disorders caused by vitamin D deficiency -Helps osteoporosis but limited data on fracture prevention |
Bone Drugs (Vitamin D)
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-Block excessive bone resorption and formation
-Used to normalize bone turnover and prevent hypercalcemia -Absorb calcium crystals in bone and prevent breakdown -Prevents fractures and increases bone mineral density -Needs to be taken on an empty stomach |
Bone Drugs (Bisphosphonates)
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-Mimic effects of endogenous calcitonin and increase bone formation
-Reduces fractures but less so than bisphosphonates -Comes in nasal spray |
Bone Drugs (Calcitonin)
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-Helpful in preventing fractures
Stabilize bone turnover and promote bone mineralization in women that lack endogenous estrogen production (e.g. following menopause or ovariectomy) -SERMS such as raloxifene are better |
Bone Drugs (Estrogen)
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-Synthetic insulin acts like normal insulin to help metabolize glucose
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Diabetes Drugs (Insulin)
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-Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells→ helps reduce blood glucose by increasing glucose storage in muscle and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production
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Diabetes Drugs (Sulfonylureas)
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-Act directly on liver to decrease hepatic glucose production
-Increase sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin |
Diabetes Drugs (Metformin)
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-Inhibit sugar breakdown in the intestines and delay glucose absorption from the GI tract (reduces peak glucose level
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Diabetes Drugs (Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor)
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-Increase sensitivity of peripheral tissue to insulin
-Not similar to metformin |
Diabetes Drugs (Thiazolidinediones)
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Similar to sulfonylureas
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Diabetes Drugs (Benzoic Acid Derivative)
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