Phar 342 Exam #3 Ver 2

Front 1

retroperitoneal organs

Back 1

adrenal glands

kidneys

bladder

ureter

rectum

Front 2

retroperitoneal organs are covered by?

Back 2

parietal peritoneum

Front 3

dense layer of adipose tissue that acts as cushioning and engulfs renal capsule?

Back 3

perirenal fat

Front 4

inner part of the adrenal gland?

Back 4

medulla

Front 5

adrenal medulla formed from?

Back 5

neural crest cells

Front 6

outer part of adrenal glands?

Back 6

cortex

Front 7

adrenal cortex formed from?

Back 7

mesoderm

Front 8

layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep?

Back 8

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

GFR

Front 9

main glucocorticoid?

Back 9

cortisol

Front 10

main androgen?

Back 10

androstenedione

Front 11

main mineralocorticoid?

Back 11

aldosterone

Front 12

type of innervation to the adrenal gland?

Back 12

sympathetic

Front 13

postganglionic cells of ANS derived from?

Back 13

neural crest cells

Front 14

how is innervation of the adrenal gland different from other ANS nerves?

Back 14

preganglionic neurons synapse directly with cells in adrenal medulla

Front 15

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta adrenergic receptors have which ligands?

Back 15

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 16

alpha 1 couples to what and produces what effect?

Back 16

Gq > phospholipase C > IP3 > increases intracellular Ca2+ > smooth muscle contraction

vasoconstriction of coronary arteries and veins

decreased GI smooth muscle motility

Front 17

alpha 2 couples to what and produces what effect?

Back 17

Gi > decrease in cAMP activity > smooth muscle contraction

Front 18

beta couples to what and produces what effect?

Back 18

Gs > adenylate cyclase > increase in cAMP activity > smooth muscle relaxation, heart muscle contraction, glycogenolysis

increased HR, CO

Front 19

another prominent glucocorticoid?

Back 19

cortisone

Front 20

another androgen?

Back 20

DHEA (dehydroepiandro-sterone)

Front 21

HPA axis stands for?

Back 21

hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal

Front 22

3 modes of HPA regulation

Back 22

rhythm (ACTH peaks in AM)

negative feedback by cortisol

stress (overrides normal mechanisms)

Front 23

hypothalamic hormone to regulate adrenal system?

Back 23

CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)

Front 24

pituitary hormone to regulate adrenal system?

Back 24

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Front 25

which hormone is under circadian regulation?

Back 25

ACTH

Front 26

adrenal precursor?

Back 26

cholesterol

Front 27

are there regulatory effects at the level of corticosteroid receptors

Back 27

yes

Front 28

cause neurohormones to be secreted from hypothalamic nuclei?

Back 28

nerve impulses

Front 29

neurohormones pass through the (?) to the anterior pituitary?

Back 29

hypothalamohypophysial portal system

Front 30

neurohormones pass out of the capillaries and bind to the receptors of the?

Back 30

pituitary

Front 31

hormones from the (?) are carried in blood to their target tissues?

Back 31

anterior pituitary

Front 32

binding of neurohormones to receptors on the pituitary can either (?) or (?) release of hormones?

Back 32

stimulate or inhibit

Front 33

ACTH details

Back 33

secreted by anterior pituitary

39 aa peptide, N-term 24 for activity

admin: no oral, IM

half life 20 minutes

released by CRH

Front 34

CRH details

Back 34

secreted by hypothalamus

41 aa

used for diagnosis

Front 35

increases enzyme activities responsible for steroid synthesis?

Back 35

ACTH

Front 36

Gs agonist?

Back 36

ACTH

Front 37

cosyntropin use

Back 37

diagnoses of adrenal problems

Front 38

where in the cortex do glucocorticoids come from?

Back 38

zona fasciculata

Front 39

hormone that suppresses the immune system?

Back 39

cortisol

Front 40

hormone that inhibits glucose use in cells by stimulating formation of glucose from amino acids (increased blood glucose)?

Back 40

cortisol

Front 41

hormone that stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver?

Back 41

cortisol

Front 42

hormone that stimulates lipolysis and protein breakdown?

Back 42

cortisol

Front 43

passes through plasma membrane into cytoplasm and binds to form a complex?

Back 43

cortisol

Front 44

interacts with heat shock protein 90, heat shock protein 70, and protein FKBP52?

Back 44

nuclear glucocorticoid receptor

Front 45

activation of GR complex by cortisol binding does what?

Back 45

releases heat shock chaperones

Front 46

what does free GR complex do?

Back 46

dimerize and translocate into nucleus to activate transcription

Front 47

what does the GR dimer bind to once inside the nucleus?

Back 47

binds to GRE

Front 48

first studied nuclear receptor?

Back 48

corticosteroid receptors

Front 49

catabolic outside of liver?

Back 49

glucocorticoids

Front 50

cause homeostatic increase in insulin secretion?

Back 50

glucocorticoids

Front 51

decrease peripheral glucose uptake?

Back 51

glucocorticoids

Front 52

cause net fat deposition?

Back 52

glucocorticoids

Front 53

net availability of glucose to brain?

Back 53

glucocorticoids

Front 54

anti-inflammatory effect?

Back 54

glucocorticoids

Front 55

decrease capillary permeability?

Back 55

glucocorticoids

Front 56

increase platelets and RBC?

Back 56

glucocorticoids

Front 57

increase gastric secretions?

Back 57

glucocorticoids

Front 58

excitatory in nervous system?

Back 58

glucocorticoids

Front 59

which part of the adrenal cortex do mineralocorticoids come from?

Back 59

zona glomerulosa

Front 60

electrolyte balancing hormones?

Back 60

mineralocorticoids

Front 61

mineralocorticoid produced in greatest amount?

Back 61

aldosterone

Front 62

synthesis stimulated by ACTH, K+ levels in blood, plasma acidosis?

Back 62

mineralocorticoids

Front 63

hormone under slightly different regulatory control?

Back 63

aldosterone

Front 64

hormone that causes increased urinary and other tissues reabsorption of Na+?

Back 64

aldosterone

Front 65

hormone that causes decreased reabsorption of K+ and H+?

Back 65

aldosterone

Front 66

mineralcorticoid receptor is a?

Back 66

nuclear receptor

Front 67

examples of mineralcorticoid toxicity?

Back 67

hypernatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, excess plasma volume, hypertension

Front 68

disease categorized by hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol?

Back 68

Addison's disease

Front 69

autoimmunity, bacterial infection, AIDS attack on adrenal cortex, prolonged treatment with glucocorticoids which suppress pituitary function are the causes for?

Back 69

Addison's disease

Front 70

symptoms: weakness, fatigue, weight loss, reduced BP, hypoglycemia

treatment: cortisone, fludrocortisone, saline, glucose

Back 70

Addison's disease

Front 71

disease categorized by hypersecretion of cortisol and androgens?

Back 71

Cushing's syndrome

Front 72

ACTH pituitary adenoma or zona fasciculata tumors and prolonged treatment of glucocorticoids are the causes for?

Back 72

Cushing's syndrome

Front 73

symptoms: muscle wasting, accumulation of fat around face and trunk, increased blood glucose

treatment: reduction in glucocorticoid therapy, tumor reduction

Back 73

Cushing's syndrome

Front 74

severe psychological consequences of exposure to, confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences of highly traumatic?

Back 74

PTSD

Front 75

neurological symptoms?

Back 75

PTSD

Front 76

coritsol low, catecholamine secretion high, norepi/cortisol ratio increased in?

Back 76

PTSD

Front 77

chronic increased norepi/cortisol ratio generates?

Back 77

maladaptive learning pathway to fear response

Front 78

increased sensitivity of HPA axis, strong negative feedback of cortisol in cases of?

Back 78

PTSD

Front 79

blood glucose levels indicating diabetes?

Back 79

>126

Front 80

OGTT diabetic glucose?

Back 80

>200 mg/dl

Front 81

elevated HbA1c, high BMI, high body fat, waist to hip ratio

secondary: high triglycerides, high cholesterol (vLDL)

indicative of?

Back 81

diabetes

Front 82

type 1 diabetes is?

Back 82

autoimmune, IDDM, 5-10% of diabetes

Front 83

type 2 diabetes is?

Back 83

insulin resistant, NIDDM, 80-90% of diabetes

Front 84

gestational diabetes can reoccur as?

Back 84

type 2

Front 85

how many people have diabetes?

Back 85

8% (23 million)

Front 86

abnormal glucose and fatty acid metabolism in?

Back 86

diabetes

Front 87

endocrine pancreas disorder in?

Back 87

diabetes

Front 88

insulin resistance in?

Back 88

diabetes (specifically type 2)

Front 89

an autoimmune disease (type 1)?

Back 89

diabetes

Front 90

beta cell dysfunction in?

Back 90

diabetes

Front 91

genetically based disease?

Back 91

diabetes

Front 92

rapidly increasing public health problem?

Back 92

diabetes

Front 93

retroperitoneal organ located along small intestine and stomach?

Back 93

pancreas

Front 94

how is the pancreas and exocrine gland?

Back 94

produces pancreatic digestive juices

Front 95

how is the pancreas an endocrine gland?

Back 95

consists of pancreatic islets

Front 96

types of cells in pancreas?

Back 96

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells

Front 97

alpha cells secrete?

Back 97

glucagon

Front 98

beta cells secrete?

Back 98

insulin

Front 99

delta cells secrete?

Back 99

somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)

Front 100

autoimmune based islet cell depletion, loss of insulin secretion, genetics show genes linked to immunity (HLA) or blockages in insulin synthesis in?

Back 100

type 1 diabetes

Front 101

decrease in blood glucose causes which type of stimulation of pancreas?

Back 101

sympathetic

Front 102

increase in blood glucose causes which type of stimulation of pancreas?

Back 102

parasympathetic

Front 103

insulin and glucose work in (same or opposite) directions?

Back 103

opposite

Front 104

hyper or hypoglycemia causing unconsciousness?

Back 104

diabetic coma

Front 105

too much insulin results in?

Back 105

insulin shock or reaction

Front 106

emergency treatment for hypoglycemia?

Back 106

provide liquid sweets

Front 107

stimulates insulin gene expression in beta cells?

Back 107

signal transduction from glucose transporter (GLUT)

Front 108

stimulates glucagon gene expression in alpha cells?

Back 108

signal transduction from glucose transporter (GLUT)

Front 109

measured as indicator of new insulin expression because of slower turnover than insulin?

Back 109

C protein

Front 110

what can activate RTKs?

Back 110

insulin or insulin like growth factor (IGF)

Front 111

insulin binding and signal transduction effect?

Back 111

GLUT transporter to cell surface

Front 112

RTK ligand with less metabolic effect?

Back 112

IGF

Front 113

where is glycogen store?

Back 113

liver

Front 114

long term storage for glucose?

Back 114

fat

Front 115

long term, efficient ATP source?

Back 115

TCA cycle

Front 116

rapid, inefficient ATP source?

Back 116

anaerobic glycolysis

Front 117

glucose metabolism is regulated by?

Back 117

insulin and glucagon

Front 118

major anabolic regulator of dietary glucose disposition, director of fatty acid and amino acid metabolism?

Back 118

insulin

Front 119

catabolic for glycogen and fatty acids to produce more glucose in glycolytic pathways?

Back 119

glucagon

Front 120

drug targets for treatment of several metabolic disorders and nervous system diseases?

Back 120

class B GPCRs

Front 121

regulators that act in opposite direction of insulin?

Back 121

cortisol/epi

Front 122

activates glycogen synthetase

Back 122

insulin

Front 123

what are insulin sensitizers, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, secretagogues (block K+ channels), RHIs?

Back 123

drug therapies for diabetes

Front 124

obese BMI?

Back 124

>30

Front 125

one of the largest endocrine glands? vascular?

Back 125

thyroid gland, highly vascular

Front 126

only gland in the body that stores hormones?

Back 126

thyroid

Front 127

composed of two lobes connected by narrow isthmus, lateral and anterior to trachea, just inferior to the larynx?

Back 127

thyroid

Front 128

thyroid is composed of?

Back 128

follicles and parafollicular cells

Front 129

thyroid follicles contain?

Back 129

thyroglobulin

Front 130

thyroid hormones?

Back 130

T3 and T4

Front 131

increases metabolism, increases body temperature, increases normal growth and development?

Back 131

T3 and T4

Front 132

T3 and T4 secretion regulation?

Back 132

TRH (hypothalamus) > TSH (pituitary) > thyroid

Front 133

TRH secreted by the?

Back 133

hypothalamus

Front 134

TSH secreted by the?

Back 134

pituitary

Front 135

TSH also known as?

Back 135

thyotropin

Front 136

both too little and too much iodine do what?

Back 136

decrease TH formation

Front 137

antibodies stimulate TSH receptors in?

Back 137

Graves Disease

Front 138

TSH released by the?

Back 138

anterior pituitary

Front 139

TRH released by the?

Back 139

hypothalamus

Front 140

TRH release regulated by?

Back 140

thyroxine

Front 141

has two peptide subunits?

Back 141

thyrotropin

Front 142

are T3 and T4 plasma bound?

Back 142

yes

Front 143

inactive form of T4?

Back 143

T3

Front 144

produced and used within thyroid gland, proteases digest iodinated form to release T3 and T4, don't confuse with TBG (transporter)?

Back 144

thyroglobulin

Front 145

necessary for production of T3 and T4?

Back 145

iodine and tyrosine

Front 146

thyroglobulin secreted by?

Back 146

follicular cells

Front 147

secrete calcitonin when blood Ca2+ levels are high?

Back 147

parathyroid hormone

Front 148

how are hormones stored in the thyroid?

Back 148

attached to thyroglobulin

Front 149

biosynthesis of thyroid hormones?

Back 149

iodide in > thyroglobulin synthesized in follicle cell > iodide + tyrosine in thyroglobulin > iodinated tyrosines join to form T4 or T3 > thyroglobulin broken down > T4 and T3 diffuse into circulatory system

Front 150

thyroid hormone receptors are?

Back 150

class 2, family 1 nuclear receptors, alpha and beta with two subtypes each

4 known types

Front 151

THR: alpha 1 in?

Back 151

cardiac/skeletal muscles

Front 152

THR: alpha 2?

Back 152

oncogene c-erb-A

Front 153

THR: beta 1 in?

Back 153

brain, liver, kidney

Front 154

THR: beta 2 in?

Back 154

hypothalamus and pituitary

Front 155

hormones of catabolism?

Back 155

thyroid hormones

Front 156

thyroid hormones act (slow or fast)?

Back 156

slow

Front 157

hormones involved in tissue development?

Back 157

thyroid hormones

Front 158

treatment for hypothyroidism?

Back 158

replacement therapy

Front 159

treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Back 159

take out part of thyroid gland

beta blockers to inhibit effects, iodides to block conversion of T4 to T3, antithyroid drugs

Front 160

secretion of calcitonin from parafollicular cells stimulated by?

Back 160

high Ca2+ concentration

Front 161

decreases osteoclast activity and lengthens lifespan of osteoblasts?

Back 161

calcitonin