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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Internal Validity
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reqs proper selection of study groups, lack of error in measurement, and ctrl for confounding factors
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External Validity
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ability to extrapolate from a sample population to a target population
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Accuracy
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validity
* how closely does a measurement represent the truth? |
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Reliability
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reproducibility, repeatability, precision, consistency
* how consistently to repeated measurements agree? |
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Random Error
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fluctuations around a true value of a parameter because of sampling variability
can occur as a result of poor precision, sampling error, or variability in measurement |
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Systematic Error (Bias)
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bias: systematic difference or distortion from the truth in a particular direction
illustrated by values placed away from true value in center resulting estimate less accurate much more serious problem for study validity than random error bias can result in findings that are distorted: - toward null hypothesis - away null hypothesis |
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Selection Bias
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study population doesn't represent target population
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Information Bias
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occurs during data collection
1) misclassificaton: not classifying people properly in terms of exposure and outcome 2) ecological fallacy: people with the outcome may not be the ones with exposure 3) regression to the mean * includes recall bias |
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Confounding
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presence of an extraneous variable which is a risk factor for an effect among unexposed people and is associated with exposure under study
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