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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the most popular psychologist major job?
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college faculty member
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Human factors require the study of
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ergonomics
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"bonehead" experiments are due to a lack of
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ergonomic study
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ergonomics quote
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"honor thy user"
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def: ergonomics
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the study of interactions between people and technology
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To be a good human factors specialist you need:
explain these (expls) |
1) basic sensory: rods and cones
2) sound localization: sirens 3) tactile perception: distinguishing by touch 4) social psychology 5) cognitive psychology |
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Rods and cones (Cones don't work in dim lights) is an example of
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basic sensory
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sirens are different; the body knows which side sound comes from because one side hears waves first. This is an example of
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sound localization
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distinguishing by touch; we have physical constraints we can only exert or accept limited force. examples: child proof caps, astroturn, lathe. This is an example of
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tactile perception
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Posner and Boies' dual tasking (letter marching and tone detecting) experiment is an example of
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cognitive psychology
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Posner and Boies experiment (dual tasking) concluded that
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switching attention between tasks has a cognitive "Cost"
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Experiment by Middlemist nad personal space is an example of
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social psychology
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What is science?
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asking questions and making sense of the answers
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In ________ psychology, questions regard human behavior.
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experimental
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In experimental psychology, questions regard _____________.
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human behavior
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Answers to questions found by the _______________.
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scientific method
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people do not seem to work as hard in groups as they do alone. This is called________.
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social loafing.
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What is social loafing?
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people dont work as hard in groups as they do alone
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the "seizure boy" experiment is an example of __________.
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social loafing
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Kitty Genoveve's killing is an example of ________.
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social loafing
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Examples of social loafing
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Ladder girl, Seizure boy, Kitty Genoveve
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Social psycholgoy Bibb Latane studied __________
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social loafing
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Ringlemann's report on rope pulling is an exmpale of _____
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social loafing
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altruism
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helping people out
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Latane explained social loafing by a principle called _______________.
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diffusion of responsibility
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def: diffusion of responsiblity
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people in larger groups feel less responsible for its overall success or failure.
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The principe of diffusion of responsibility is a result of _______.
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social loafing
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Billy's Graham's crusades result in ________.
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social loafing
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How do we fix social loafing?
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Latane found that when people know about SL, it disappears.
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The 2 exceptions to social loafing include:
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sports teams, war
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Pierce described various ways people come to accept ideas:
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1. tenacity
2. authority 3. science |
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tenacity
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people tend to accept ideas that have been around a long time.
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people tend to accept ideas that have been around along time. this is called believing because of
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tenacity
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tenacity is widely used in
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advertising and politics, racial stereotypes
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advertising, stereotypes and politics use this to convince people of ideas
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tenacity
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problems with tenacity
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1) the idea may be wrong
2) its hard to correct wrong ideas. |
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Authority
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people accept ideas that come from authority figures
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televangelists and mapmakers make people believe through
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authority
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believe through science:
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poeple accept ideas through science
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Properties of Science:
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1) science is repeatable: findings from one lab should be replicable in another
2) science is empirical: we rely on data, not on faith 3) science is self-correcting: data is made public for evaluation. old ideas are refined. |
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findings from one lab should be replicable in another. This makes science _______.
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repeatable
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we dont accept ideas on faith; we rely on data. this makes science _______.
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empirical
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Data is made public for evaluation. Old ideas are constantly refined. This makes science _______.
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self correcting
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the major advantage of science:
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science provides an objective way to evaluate ideas.
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Scientific endeavors entail 3 main goals:
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1) description
2) prediction 3) explanation |
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in social loafing, people slack off in groups. this is an exmpale of _____.
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description
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Social loafing increases as groups increase. this is an example of _____.
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prediction
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Once we describe and predict information, we try to ________
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explain why it happens.
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__________ are never final.
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explanation
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the 3 goals of science entail 3 main research methods:
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observation
correlation experimentation |
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3 kinds of research
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observational, experimental, correlational
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trying to record some behavior in the world, we use ______ research.
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observational
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Naturalistic observation
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watching behavior in its natural state
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Watching behavior in its natural state is called
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Naturalistic Observation
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bird watching is an example of
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observational research, naturalistic observation
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in some ways, naturalistic observation in an _______
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ideal method
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why it naturalistic observation an "ideal" method?
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1) its cheap
2) you dont need to interfere with normal environment 3) the data has high ecological validity compared to a lab |
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Naturalistic Observation is important to psychology because
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it provides insight that'll lead to research later in the lab.
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Eibl-Eibesfeldt was interested in facial expression so he used ________
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systematic observation
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Eibl-Eibesfeldts eyebrow flash occured during:
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greetings, gifts and flirting everywhere but Japan
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details to consider in observational research:
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1) chosing the behavior (watch out for overloads)
2) reactivity 3) reliability |
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Eibl-Eibesfeldt's sideways camera is an example of ________
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unobtrusive observation
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Dianne Fossey living with gorillas is an example of ______
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participant observation
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spying aka
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unobtrusive observation
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Why is reliability a consideration?
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you must ensure you see things accurately especially if you already have a theory in mind
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How do we test reliability/
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using 2 or more observers and see if they agree
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using 2 or more observers tests ____
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reliabiltiy
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Variations of Naturalistic Observation
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Case Studies, Surveys
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Eibl Eibesfeldt's facial expression experiment is examples of
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Naturalistic observation, unobtrusive observation, systematic observation
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Dianne Fossey's gorilla experiment is examples of
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participant observation, naturalistic observation
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def: case studies
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intense investigation of a single individual or certain group
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Festinger's investigation of alien believers is an example of
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a case study
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problem with case studies
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1 or 2 cases may not reflect the general population
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____ are used to study large samples adn touch on a few topics
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surveys
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precaution with surveys
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people try to present themselves in a socially acceptible light
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advantages/dis of observational research
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a:
1/ helpful EARLY in research when need direction 2/ some cant be studied in lab d: 1/ its only descriptive -- can not control 2/ hard to repeat 3/hard to maintain objectivity |
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Dr. Blondlot and his n-ray experiment problem
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didn't maintain objectivity
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Observational Research is primarily
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description/descripting
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Correlational Research is primarily
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predicting
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the relationsihps between smoking and lung cancer is an example of ___
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correlational research
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Correlations have 2 basic properties:
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1) magnitude
2) sign indicates direction |
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the strengtho f the relationship between variables is ____
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magnitude
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magnitude
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indicates the strength of a relationship between variables
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if there is no correlation, the magnitude is
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0
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is magnitude independent of the sign?
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yes
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the sign indicates the ______ of the relationship between variables
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direction
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the _____ indicates the direction of the relationahip between variables
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sign
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do correlations imply causation?
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no
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why dont correlations imply causation?
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1. we dont know which factor precedes the other
2. other factors may be the real cuase. (confounding variables) |
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other factors that may be the real cause are called
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confounding variables
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Whast are correlations good for?
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1. they allow accurate predictions
2. they lay the groundwork for experiments |
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confounding factors
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other factors that may be the real cuase of something
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difference with experimental research and corre/observ.
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in experiments, we CONTROL the situation, letting us pinpoint causal factors
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experiments require _____ and _____ of variables
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selection control and manipulation
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in experiments, there are 3 variables:
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1) dependent
2) independent 3) control |
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independent variables
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are manipulated by the experimenter
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Dependent variables/measures
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observed and recorded by experimenter
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control variables
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potential independent variables that are controlled by the experimenter
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these variables could affect behavior but are not of interest
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control variables
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control variables aka
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confounds or nuisance variables
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Using multiple independent variables lets you find _____.
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interactions
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def: interaction
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the effect of one independent variable is modulated by another
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Piliavin's findings during the subway car experiment are examples of
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interactions
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when there are parallel lines
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there are NO INTERACTIONS
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Pitfalls of experimental research
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1) sometimes dont work
2) perhaps iv has no effect when it should 3) " iv has effect when it shouldnt |
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Experiments may fail due to:
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1) poorly chosen operational definitions
2) uncontrolled confounds 3) demand characteristics (experiment hinter/subject guesses the hypothesis) |
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birthmark and music distraction is example of
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operational definitions
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def demand characteristics:
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aspects of an experiment that provide clues about the desired outcome
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an experimenter hinting at certain behavior is an example of
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demand characteristics
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perpetual barriers
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this theory says this gives us protection from unpleasant stimuli
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normal/cuss words an example of
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perpetual barriers thoery
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