Petroleum Geology Exam 1 Wvu

Front 1

Petroleum greek meaning

Back 1

Petra = Rock

Oleum = Oil

Front 2

Petroleum used by Noah as ______.

Back 2

Pitch, a coating for waterproofing

Front 3

Define a petroleum seep

Back 3

A seep is where a reservoir has some kind of fracture to the surface.

Front 4

3 USA Beginning towns of the modern oil industry.

Back 4

Oil Springs, ON

Titusville, PA

Marietta, OH

Front 5

Process used to separate a mix of hydrocarbons

Back 5

Distillation

Front 6

Kerosene distillation saved _____.

Back 6

whales

Front 7

Company founded by John D. Rockefeller, dominated the US oil industry from 1870 to 1911

Back 7

Standard Oil

Front 8

Descendants of Standard Oil

Back 8

Exxon

Mobil

Chevron

Amoco

Conoco

Arco

Marathon

Pennzoil

Sohio

Front 9

Germany and Japan had no domestic oil sources

Back 9

US produced 63% of world's oil to help with Allied victory.

Front 10

2007 US Energy Consumption. What percent is from oil and natural gas?

Back 10

62%

Front 11

Petroleum is fuel for these 5 things.

Back 11

Heating and Cooling

Cooking

Electricity

Transportation

Drinking Water (process and transport)

Front 12

Name 5 petroleum products.

Back 12

Fertilizers

Fabrics

Rubber & Plastics

Detergents and Cosmetics

Medicine

Front 13

3 Types of Petroleum Businesses

Back 13

International Oil Company - IOC

i.e. Exxon Mobil

National Oil Company - NOC

i.e. Saudi Aramco

Independent Oil Company

i.e. Range Resources

Front 14

_____ _____ were the first exploration clues.

Back 14

Oil seeps

Front 15

____ ____ were secondary early in the petroleum industry.

Back 15

Environmental concerns

Front 16

Petroleum is a product of life. (Theory)

Back 16

Organic theory

Front 17

Name 2 examples of inorganic petroleum.

Back 17

Hugoton Gas Field

Titan, Moon of Jupiter

Front 18

Process that plants take CO2 from air and build glucose.

Back 18

Photosynthesis

Front 19

Surface water

Relatively Fresh (low salinity, 3.5% or less)

Oxidizing

Acidic

High bicarbonate HCO3-

Low Ca, Mg

Back 19

Meteoric Water

Front 20

Basin water trapped during sedimentation

Starts as seawater

Saline

Reducing (low Oxygen)

Alkaline

High Na+, K+, Cl-

Back 20

Connate Water

Front 21

The term petroleum

Back 21

was first used by Agricola in 1546

Front 22

First oil well down to 1000 ft

Back 22

China 347 AD as part of salt production

Front 23

Persians distilled kerosene

Back 23

in the 9th century

Front 24

Thorla McKee Well

Back 24

was drilled in 1816 in Ohio

Front 25

First commercial refinery

Back 25

in Russia in 1861

Front 26

produced 80,000 BOD from a 1300 ft well

Back 26

Spindletop, TX: 1901

Front 27

Why did Standard Oil Break Up

Back 27

US supreme court in 1911 enforced Federal anti-trust law

Front 28

Exxon merges with Mobil 1999

Back 28

ranks 25th by GDP ahead of Austria

Front 29

Arguments for biogenic origin

Back 29

99.9% are from sed. basins and 99% are younger then 400 million years.

Front 30

Soviet Geologists and Thomas Gold's Theory

Back 30

Natural gas is emitted by the earth, gas feeds bacteria in deep reservoirs, bacteria makes oil. (not widely accepted)

Front 31

Carbon Storage

Back 31

24% organic C in sediments

76% inorganic C in limestones

Front 32

Factors required to make a conventional oil deposit

Back 32

A sed. basin with:

A source rock-rich in organic matter

burial heating-maturation

reservoir rock-porous and permeable

migration path-source to trap

trap

time

preservation

Front 33

Source rocks

Back 33

black organic-rich marine shales

Front 34

Unconventional Petroleum Systems

Back 34

Gas shales, coal bed methane, tar sands, oil shale, gas hydrates.

Front 35

1/3 world oil reserves

Back 35

New Seven Sisters

Front 36

Gold theory tested

Back 36

Siljin meteorite impact

Front 37

Nitrogen gas source

Back 37

igneous rocks in basement

Front 38

Sed. setting for overpressure

Back 38

muddy deltas

Front 39

sed. environments for salt deposits

Back 39

deserts

Front 40

Walther's law sedimentation

Back 40

migrate laterally, some sediments lay on top of sediments adjacent environment

Front 41

Reserves

Back 41

oil that is proven to be there and can be extracted economically using current technology

Front 42

Resource

Back 42

Oil that is though to exist based on geological concepts

Front 43

kerogen

Back 43

insoluble in organic solvents

Front 44

1 barrel equals

Back 44

42 gallons

Front 45

Paraffins

Back 45

(CnH2n+2)

C1-C4: Gases

C5:C14: Liquids

>C15: Solids

Front 46

API Gravity

Back 46

is a density scale calibrated so that density of water is 10 degrees API. Increasing API gravity = decreasing density

Front 47

Why does temperature increase with depth

Back 47

radioactive elements in rocks produce heat

Front 48

Surface Heat Flow

Back 48

50 mW/m^2 continental average

Front 49

Lithostatic stress

Back 49

due to load of overburden

Front 50

horizontal stress

Back 50

depends on rock compressibility since rocks are elastic

Front 51

Characteristics of Overpressure Zones

Back 51

under-compacted shale

low density

rapid drilling rate

low thermal conductivity

low salinity

Front 52

irreducible water

Back 52

bound to grains by surface tension in clays

Front 53

juvenile water

Back 53

from igneous rocks (not common)

Front 54

meteoric water

Back 54

surface water, acidic, oxidizing

Front 55

connate water

Back 55

deep basin water, saline, reducing

Front 56

Sediment

Back 56

unconsolidated products of weathering and erosion

Front 57

3 types of sed. rocks

Back 57

Detrital-made of rock fragments (clastic)

Biochemical-formed by organisms

Chemical-precipitated from chemical solution

Front 58

Black Shales

Back 58

source rocks

Front 59

porous sandstones

Back 59

reservoirs

Front 60

Good Reservoir

Back 60

well rounded

well sorted

quartz and sandstone

Front 61

Bad reservoir

Back 61

bimodal rounding

poorly sorted

lithic sandstone

Front 62

Carbonate rocks

Back 62

limestone and dolostone

Front 63

chalk

Back 63

microscopic algae

Front 64

Non-marine environments

Back 64

glacial, deserts, alluvial fans, lakes, swamps, braided streams, meandering streams

Front 65

Turbidite sands can

Back 65

form very thick piles of sandstone reservoir

Front 66

progradation

Back 66

land moves sea ward

Front 67

retrogradation

Back 67

land moves inland

Front 68

Requirements for high organic productivity

Back 68

light, temperature, nutrients, low turbidity, phytoplankton

Front 69

Areas of high productivity

Back 69

at boundaries between polar and temperate regions, west side of continents, in upper 100m of ocean

Front 70

How to get anoxic conditions

Back 70

water stratification

Front 71

Kerogen

Back 71

disseminated solid organic matter in sed. rocks, insoluble in organic solvents

Front 72

3 types of Kerogen

Back 72

Algal-high HC, rich in lipids, oil prone

Liptinic-intermediate HC, oil and gas prone

Humic-low HC, rich in aromativs, gas prone

Front 73

the carbon cycle

Back 73

is inefficient at producing petroleum

Front 74

petroleum system

Back 74

requires a mature source rock, reservoir, and trap formed in the right order

Front 75

average geothermal gradient

Back 75

25 degree C/km

23 degree F/1000 ft

Front 76

oil window

Back 76

60 - 120 degree C (this is where maturation occures

Front 77

low conductivity rocks lead

Back 77

to high thermal gradients and vice versa

Front 78

methods to control pressure while drilling

Back 78

drilling mud

casing

BOP

Front 79

Meteoric water

Back 79

can enhance porosity in carbonates

Front 80

Chain of thermal maturation

Back 80

organic matter-kerogen-bitumen-oil-gas-residue

Front 81

pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance

Back 81

can be used to determine source rock maturity