Petersen - Ch.8 Psychology

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the process of getting information into the memory system

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encoding

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first stage of the information processing model

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encoding

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the retention of encoded information over time

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storage

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second stage of the information processing model

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storage

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the process of getting information out of memory storage

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retrieval

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third and final stage of the information processing model

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retrieval

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the unconscious encoding of some information such as space, time, and frequency (no effort)

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automatic processing

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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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effortful processing

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the conscious repetition of information

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rehearsal

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German philosopher who conducted many pioneering memory studies

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Hermann Ebbinghaus

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rehearsal of information beyond the point where it has been learned

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overlearning

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our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list

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serial position effect

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the tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice

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spacing effect

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spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by periods of time

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distributed rehearsal

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putting all rehearsal time together in one long session

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massed rehearsal

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cramming for an exam is an example of this

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massed rehearsal

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the encoding of meaning

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semantic encoding

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the enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant

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self-reference effect

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a memory trick or technique

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mnemonic device

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a mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with imaginary places

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method of loci

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a mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with a list of peg words you have already memorized

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peg-word system

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organizing information into meaningful chunks

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chunking

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the brief, initial coding of sensory information in the memory system

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sensory memory

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conscious, activated memory that holds about seven chunks of information briefly before the information is stored more permanently or forgotten

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short-term memory

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also called working memory

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short-term memory

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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

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long-term memory

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a vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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flashbulb memory

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an increase in a synapse's firing efficiency

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long-term potentiation

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memory of facts and experiences that one must consciously retrieve and declare

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explicit memory

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memory of skills and procedures that are retrieved without conscious recollection

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implicit memory

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a measure of memory in which you must retrieve information you learned earlier

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recall

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a fill-in-the-blank test demonstrates this measure of memory

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recall

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a measure of memory in which you must identify items you learned earlier

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recognition

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a multiple-choice test demonstrates this measure of memory

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recognition

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the enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information

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context effect

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the enhanced ability to retrieve information where you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information

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state-dependent memory

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long-term memories that are especially resistant to forgetting and are likely to last a lifetime

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permastore memory

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the disruptive effect of earlier learning on the recall of recently stored information

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proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously stored information

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retroactive interference

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founder of psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud

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the process of moving anxiety-producing memories to the unconscious

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repression

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psychologist whose research established the constructed nature of memory

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Elizabeth Loftus

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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

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misinformation effect