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24 Cards in this Set
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Alliteration: repetition of a sound, particularly at the beginning of words, often used in headlines. |
Effect: - Captures attention - Draws attention - Adds emphasis to the writer's point. |
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Analogy: Compares one thing or situation to another. |
Effect: - Explains a complex point in more familiar terms - Makes the contention look simple and obvious. |
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Anecdote: A brief personal account or story |
Effect: - Often entertaining or humorous - Personal angle engages the reader - As 'true stories,' they carry weight with readers. |
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Appeal to sense of Justice: Speaks to people's belief that everyone deserves fair treatment. |
Effect: - Positions the reader to agree that punishment should fit the crime - Arouses anger at a perceived injustice. |
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Appeal to being modern and up-to-date: Based on people's desire to be progressive and part of the 'in crowd'. |
Effect: - Suggests that the new is always better than the old - Appeals to the desire to thought of as 'ahead of the pack' |
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Appeal to family values: Based on the belief that tradition family arrangements are the best foundation for individuals and society. |
Effect: - Leads the reader to view traditional families as the most desirable arrangements - Positions the reader to feel that other arrangements threaten the 'moral fabric' of society. |
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Appeal to group loyalty: Uses the desire of people to belong to a group in order to persuade them to agree with a viewpoint or take action |
Effect: - Can play on people's guilt, sense of obligation, fear and sentimentality - Convinces people that the interests of the group require their support - Can also appeal to the belief that 'little people' can make a difference. |
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Appeal to the hip-pocket nerve: Relates to people's concern about their financial wellbeing. |
Effect: - Provokes strong emotions, such as outrage at being taken advantage of - Positions readers to feel indignant about those who want to raise prices and suspicious of their true motives. |
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Appeal to patriotism: Draws national pride and people's loyalty to their country. |
Effect: - Positions readers to feel that it would be disloyal to their country to disagree with the writer - Arouses strong emotions of pride and loyalty in this example, it appeals to our alleged positive attitude to immigrants as well as egalitarianism - Can sometimes be use to arouse anger, guilt and fear. |
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Appeal to self-interest: suggests that ones' own interests should be placed ahead of others. |
Effect: - Often divides people into 'them' and 'us' - Suggests that the interests of others are in competition with and threaten the reader's. |
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Appeal to tradition and custom: Places a high value on the past and one's heritage, suggests that abandoning tradition is damaging society. |
Effect: - Encourages the reader to resist change and to feel that links with the past should be retained. - Sometimes romanticises the past and reject modern ways of doing things. |
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Attack: Used to denigrate an opponent and, by implication, their point of view. |
Effect: - Draws attention away from reasoned argument - Positions reader to agree that is an individual is flawed, their message must be too. |
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Cliché: A familiar but overused expression that carries a range of associations. |
Effect: - Conveys meaning in an economical way - Can help the reader feel more comfortable with an idea. |
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Connotation: association or implied meaning of a word. |
Effect: - Arouses feelings and attitudes that position the reader to like/dislike, accept/reject a group, an idea or viewpoint |
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Emotive Language: Deliberately strong words used to provoke emotion in the reader. |
Effect: - Positions the reader to react emotionally rather than rationally. - Leads the reader to share the writer's feelings on the subject. |
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Evidence: Facts, information or expert opinions; often from an authoritative source;may be used selectively. |
Effect: - Gives the wrier more credibility as it is apparently objective and/or supported by experts |
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Generalisation: The idea that if something is true for some people, it is true for all members of the group of which they belong. |
Effect: - Appeals to commonly held prejudice and attitudes. - Positions the reader to judge others according to stereotypes. |
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Inclusive Language: Involves the reader directly in the issue by using such words as 'we' or 'us' |
Effects: - Makes the reader feel included and that their view counts. - Encourages the reader to agree, since this view is apparently shared by the group as a whole. |
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Metaphors and Similes: Comparisons that describe one thing in terms or another. |
Effect: - Capitalises on associations with a vivid image - Evokes emotion in the reader that matches the emotion in the writer |
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Overstatement, exaggeration and hyperbole: Using dramatic, forceful language to exaggerate the real situation. |
Effect: - Arouses emotion in the reader - Can be humorous - 'Worst-case scenario' plays on the readers fear. |
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Pun: A play on a word or phrase that gives it multiple meanings. |
Effect: - Often humorous - Gains the readers attention and emphasises the writer's point |
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Reason and Logic: Involves a clearly stated main contention and an argument that is supported by evidence or deduction, that is, by drawing a conclusion from something generally knowing or assumed to be 'true' |
Effect: - Gives the writers viewpoint credibility for being apparently objective - Can consider opposing view points and argue logically against them. |
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Repetition: Repeating words or phrases or ideas for emphasis |
Effect: - It empathises the writers viewpoint and captures attention - Makes the point more memorably. |
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Rhetorical question: A question that requires no answer usually because the answer is already implied. |
Effect: - Positions the reader to agree by assuming that their answer will be the same as the writers. - Engages the reader by addressing them directly. |
