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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are trait descriptive adjectives?
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Words that describe traits and attributes of a person that are relatively enduring
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What is comprehensive taxonomy? What are the steps to making it?
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A system that includes within it all traits
1. Identify all the traits 2. create a schema to group them |
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What are the two ways of looking at traits
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Traits as internal properties
Traits as a tendency for behaviors without prejudgment for causality |
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What are internal things? What's important to know about them?
How do they relate to actions |
wants desires and needs
they are causal to actions= Internal desires influence eternal behavior. Sometimes the traits lay dormant in interactions. Fast food example, Party boyfriend example |
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What are descriptive summaries? What was the example used in the book. Why do people chose this method? what are criticisms. Praises
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Descriptive summaries are using actions to assign traits. They make no assumptions of causality.
Jealous George. Some believe one must identify and describe differences before looking for causality. Only words for overt and successful behaviors super key to behavioral phenomena. It is the building block of interpersonal relationships. Identifies behavior regularities. Keys into tough to describe traits like impulsivity and creativity. shows differences across cultures. good for predicting behavior. |
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What is the act frequency approach? What are the steps in detail
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it is a way of doing traits as descriptors. 1. act nomination = identify all the acts that reveal that trait 2. prototypical judgment - how stereotypical or easy to identify act is to category, being late 3. recording - tough usually done by self reports
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What are the three main methods of identifying important traits? Describe them in detail
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Lexical approach - Hypothosis: all important differences are encoded in the natural language there are 18,000 TDA in english. 2 approaches, 1.Synonym frequency - more important traits have more synonyms and subtle distinctions ex dominance 2. Cross cultural universality - more important = featured in more languages
Statistical appracoch- starts with a large pool of items and uses states to group likeminded things ex factor analysis. helps in reduction. Factor loading = how much a factor correlatis with leading factor. Problem is you only get what you put in in the first place. Theoretical approach- starts with an idea and then works to prove it (in perspective to non judgmental statistical) Look at sociosexual orientation. When there are strong theories they give really good guidance |
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Eysenck and his model of personality.
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He has biological base. he empahsised heritable traits that may have a psychophysiological basis.
PEN P = PSYCHOTICISM aggressive egocentric creative lack of empathy - linked to rape and religiosity E= EXTRAVERSION sociable active lively venturesome dominate (organized routine predictable) N = NEUROTICISM anxious irritable guilty tense shy first of its kind to make hierarchical model: Super trait -> trait -> habitual habits -> singular act Limitations: many other traits are inheritable, leave a lot of things out |
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Cattell's 16 factor model
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Was around at the exact same time as eysenck. took the lead of biochemists and labeled his factor ABC etc as he proved to himself that they were true. Used a ton of different data to come to his conclusions. His is the largest number of factors and has been used a lot when looking at professions. Was prolific in his publishing
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Wiggin's Circumplex
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He started with the lexical approach. Divided traits into interpersonal, temperament, character,material, and physcial. Most interested in interpersonal. Divided it into love and status. everything falls on these axes.
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5 factor model GO!
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OCEAN
Allport based it off the statistical and lexical models. legit went through the WHOLE dictionary and found 17,953 TDA, Allport and Obert catagorized them into: stable, temporary mood states or activites, social evaluations, metaphorical physical and doubtful terms. Stable had 4,500. Cattell used it to make 171 cluster which he then made into 35 traits. Fiske took 22 of the 35 traits and factor anaylised them and came up with the big 5. This was before comps so it was too rough. Tupes and Cristal took it farther and are founders of the big 5. Its enduring because its replicatable across times language and test items. They are measured in single adjectives and sentences. Each factor is built on 6 facets. 5th factor will being worked on, name and coverage. Still not comprehensive. 6th factor may be in the works |
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Three assumptions of trait theories decribed.
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meaningful individual differences: distinguishes people from one another. Linked to the differential branch of psychology.
Consistency over time: realativly enduring over time, bio based traits are most enduring, trait manifestation can change over time (rank order maintained). Situational consistency: least of the three. still debated. Guy freaked out when say low cross situationality and extreme and said its proof traits dont exist. People flipped, but have since calmed down and most are in more of a middle ground. Situational specificity- text anxiety in a usually laid back person. Strong situation - everyone acts the same = milgram (low= rorsarch) |
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What are the three person situtaion things
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sitiuational selection - people pick situations that are condusive to them, people rarely find themselves in random situations
Evocation - are person evokes responses from their enviroment = everyone i date becomes mean and spiteful/ lonely lady manipulation - person influences others behavior. Distinction is that it is intentional and altering exsisting hibitiate ex charm manipulation and coercion. |
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What is aggregation? why does it matter?
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it is the averaging of a ton of single things to get greater accuracy from it. Think of batting averages, poor indicator of who will get a hit of a certain night.
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Some general stuff about pers psych
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self reports are the biggest source of data. Personality is "how much" of a trait a person has.
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What are the main issues and describe counteractions
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Carelessness /=/ embed and infrequency scale which asks questions everyone will say the same thing to. to weed out fakers and ask duplicate questions to make sure people write the same thing
Faking = distortion of answers to seem better or worse on a test /=/ ask people to fake good and fake bad and then compare it to actual tests. this leads to some false negitives and false postitives though. Barnum statments = super general statements that can apply to anyone but feel personalized. |
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testing in workplaces and its legal issues
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super controversial . polygraphs used to be big now illegal.
personnel selection - uses test to find good traits or weed out unacceptable ones. integrety tests are best indicator of honesty. important for also negligent hiring lawsuits. legal issues, can be used to further discrimination so obvi laws had to be changed. Pricewaterhouse v hopkins - butch lawyer get promoted. race and gender norming not ok! ADA pissed because med tests are illegal and MMPI used to find mental disabilities and not even that good a test. Also they may violate right to privacy. 16 factor model good for workplaces. Meyers brigg is HUGE but kinda useless. sooooo many issues. Hogan personality AWESOME! based on a thing called science and geared for the workplace. its still really easy to do and they adhear to everyone evers standards of rigor |
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Describe lab methods in context of the cookie lab. why are lab methods continullly used |
Kids were offered one cookie now or 2 cookies if they waited. the longer they waited the better high school GPA they got
Lab experiments are efficent and allow for a great level of control. Its also good for contradicting the situationist argument |
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How often have observer reports been used talk about them |
they have been used continually.
After allport and Cattell it has increased. Focus on who is better reporter, self or outsider |
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How often and in what context what problems have arisen |
They have been continually used. They are prominant in face valid B5 type tests
the issue is they are overused. They are really easy to get and some journals require a certain number of studies before they consider publishing an article |
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What is the histroy of projective tests? what are some types? |
they are continuously used but less popular now
Basic assumption- internal thoughts or associatve networks find expression in interpetation of amibous stimuli repititions is key HIT TAT Rorschach All involve insane amounts of coding and need a trained professional to administer it. they are not efficent and there is questionable validity. computers may be key to reassurgence but not likely |
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What two test methods are used periodically |
Biographical Data and Field studies
McAdams rules biographical. It is informative and info rich. The issue is its cumbersom and not systematic Following around people tests today using the EAR. it is also info rich and possibly more ecologically valid than anything else. but there is legal issues and obtrusive and may alter data. requires a lot of resources. There is a renewed interest beause there is opportubity and new technology |
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What are the differences between emppirical and rational tests |
Rational approach- read liturature, difine the construct write items that are true to def (face valid) measure all levels and facets (content valid), revese code hald the items, make a loical scale with anchors and eleminate double barreled items. Then gather data, and calculate reliabilty. after cheat a validity measure
empirical is void of theory ask a million random questions and see what items have high correlation with each other. doesnt have to be face valid but must be reasonably reliable |
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What are the problems with force choice question AKA myers-briggs |
there is less precision and lower reliablity. just go ahead and get all the info
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What are false critisims of online tests what are the main advantages |
Samples are not diverse
users are maladjusted wont replicate across formats participants not motived standard results differ SOOOO efficent |
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What are the methods of studying personaliy change from best to worst |
Retrospective reports
time lag cross sectional longitudinal hybrid |
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explain time lag studies |
measure the same group over a long period. 20 year old in 1990, 2000, 2010. good for sociological data.
usually archival data that doesnt allow for controled sampling there is frequently a time place confound and response styles change over time |
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Plaster hypothosis |
personality is liquid to a point (30) and then it stops developing
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Aging trends in OCEAN and its implication for plaster theory
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O- increased from 20-30 then decreases with men being more marked
C - dramatic rise for both after 30 E - slow changing = realativly stable A- increases until old age N- stable for men, dramatic decrease with age NO SUPPORT |
