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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Radical behaviorism |
Philosophy of the science of behavior |
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How does skinner view personality |
That its made through enviromental sources |
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What is functional analysis of behavior |
Measurable experiences or (causes), and measurable behavior or (effects) |
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What are the two types of behavior investigated by behaviorists |
Respondent - evoked by a stimulus . reflexes
Operant - Like driving a car, biking, instrument |
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What is an unconditioned stimulus |
no learning to make a response happen (food) |
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Whats an unconditioned response |
Nonlearned response that happens naturally |
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Neutral Stimulus |
Stimulus that is in the middle |
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Conditioned stimulus |
was neutral before but after having some time with the UCS, it makes a conditioned response happen Example: Footsteps after learned |
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Conditioned Response |
Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus example: Drool |
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What does a US elecit? |
A automatic, natural, and predictable response called UR |
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What kind of response is fear |
Its an unconditioned response |
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What happens if a behavior is reinforced |
It makes it more likely that the behavior will happen again |
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What is a primary reinforcer? |
An unconditioned reinforcer that has to do with survival (food, water, air, ********, and sex)` |
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What is a secondary reinforcer |
(conditioned) Reinforcers. They were neutral before but now they have reinforcing qualities/traits by dealing with primary reinforcers (grades, medals, awards, gifts, privileges) |
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What is a generalized reinforcer |
A secondary reinforcer that is teamed up with more than one primary reinforcer |
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What is positive reinforcement |
It makes behavior stronger, swoleness of that behavior goes up (positive added) |
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Negative reinforcement |
A negative reinforcer is removed (subtracted) and it prevents the thing from happening |
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Positive Punishment |
soap in mouth to decrease behavior (negative reinforcer is added)
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Negative Punishment |
Taking something away to make the behavior happen less (positive reinforcer removed) |
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With a reinforcment |
behavior goes up |
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With a punishment |
that behavior goes down |
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What is a positve reinforcement |
introduces a positive consequences to increase or make a behavior keep happening. |
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negative reinforcement |
takes away a negative consequence |
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What are the shortcommings of punishment |
unpredictable results (anger, fight back)
Might make random emotions happen (withdrawal, frustration, fear) Only talks about what you shouldn't do |
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What do you need to shape behaviors |
Aquisition, shaping, and differeintal reinforcement |
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Acquisition |
To learn a behavior reinforce it |
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What is differeintal reinforcement |
rewards a person/thing when they do one thing and not the other |
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What is stimulus generalization |
changing a behavior pattern from the stimulants it was originally based off or learned of to other joints
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What is stimulus discrimination |
reacting differently depending on the situation |
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extinction |
withdrawal of reinforcement |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause (smoking again) |
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Continous reinforcement |
every time the desired response happens then its reinforced 1hundo percent of the time |
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Partial Reinforcement Schedules |
only some of the time is behavior rewarded |
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Interval |
Time since the reinforcement happnd |
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Whats an example of fixed interval |
Being paid every friday |
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Variable interval |
getting a popped quiz, dont know the time |
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Fixed ratio |
you get a prize for meeting a quota or a goal |
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Variable ratio |
Random with the number of responses, getting pregnant, slot machine |
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Partial Reinforcement Effect |
Increases rate of responding, increase resistance to extinction |
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Superstitions |
Accidental link between a reinforcer and a behavior (rain dance, throwing salt over shoulder) |
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What is mans biggest problem |
How he acts is influenced by small, but immediate and definite reinforcers than by large, far but unsure reinforcers |
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contingency contracting is? |
If I dont smoke I get 100$ |
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How is abnormal behavior learned |
Just like normal behavior |
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What is token economy |
Behavior that is appreciated is rewarded by tokens that can be exchanged for more tokens |
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Walden Two (cultural engineering) is? |
Fictional book where people acheived there true potential through reinfrocement |
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What is the token an example of? |
A secondary reinforcer |
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What were some of the criticisms of B.F Skinners Theory |
Generalized from humans to anamals (they aint the same) Crazy about the environment Who controlled the controllers? |
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What were the contributions of B.F Skinner |
-Applied Value - this **** works, in education, for autistic children, sports, parenting, animals -Science filled bro |
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What is a primary drive |
Survival, eating, needed for survival, pain |
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Secondary Drive |
Drive that is learned or gained from a parent primary drive (fear) |
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What kind of drive is fear, and what does it do |
An aquired drive, that motivates behavior |
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What is Habit? |
The link between stimuls and response (putting the same key in the door to get a response) |
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Hierarchy of response |
The most dominant of responses will happen crying is more dominant than quietly going to bed. |
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What is a learning dilema |
Not getting what you expected, so you try something else to get it |
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No failure means |
No learning |
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Drive |
Energizes the action, motivates it like an engine |
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Cue |
Tells behavior what to do, when and where |
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a response is |
what a person does to make the drive calm tf down |
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overt response |
directly reduces that drive |
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internal response |
makes the cue happen |
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Reasoning is? |
solving a problem on the spot |
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planning |
solution of a future problem |
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Reinforcement |
in the same mix as drive reduction, used to reduce that drive |
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if drive was a thought, what would it be? |
I want something |
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if cue was a thought, what would it be? |
notice something |
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if response was a thought, what would it be |
Do something |
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If reinforcement was a thought, what would it be. |
get something |
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What are the critical training situations? |
feeding, cleanliness, sex, anger and aggression and your response to these being good or bad |
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as fighting goes up, shocking goes down, is an example of |
negative reinforcement |
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What is displacement of aggression |
When you find a subsitution that is safer to agress to |
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Frustration - agression Hypothesis |
getting in the way of goal attainment Frustration leads to aggression |
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what is suppresion |
Stopping thoughts that caused anxiety |
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What is reppression |
When thoughts that have the potential to cause pain are dropped automatically |
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Describe Neurosis and symptom formation Stupid-Misery-Syndrome |
-The Nuerotic is stupid and miserable -Conflict is the center of the neurotics actions |
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How are neurotic symptoms learned |
They reduce anxiety |
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What does psychotherapy do in relation to nuerotics |
It gives a way to unlearn detremental behaviors |
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How does psychotherapy reduce bad behavior |
Teaching ways to cope with behavior Teaching to choose what to react to Teaching you to chill out (drive reduction) |
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Approach approach |
Both are good outcomes |
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Approach avoidance |
You dont want to do neither one |
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Approach avoidance |
You want to do it, it will benefit you, but then it will hurt you in the same token |
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What are the criticisms of Dollard and Miller |
Didnt mix hull and freuds theory right generalized animals to humans too simple |
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Contributions of donald and miller |
Mixed Hull and Frueds theory a little Had scientific rigor clearly described how therapy went down |
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Double approach avoidance |
two cars, both have pros and cons |
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What are the conflicts learned from feeding? |
feeling satisfied of the basic need vs. fear loneliness and helplessness |
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What are the conflicts learned from cleanliness? |
being able to have fun and enjoy things vs. fear, anger and guilt
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What is congnitive social learning theory |
People are like active agaents Wants to know social origins of behavior cognitive thought processes Learning complex shiz with no reinforcements |
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What is recipricol determinism |
When behavioral, personal, and enviromental factors all effect each other over a time |
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What is encoding |
How we see situations in our own eyes
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What is expectancies |
what we think will happen in the end |
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What is behavior outcome expectancies |
What should i expect if i act this certain way (run = make the bus) (study = A) |
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What are compentencies |
Skills we can do, and knowledge that you got |
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Stimus outcome expectancies |
I know exactly is gonna happend after that stimuli makes its appearance (JJ eats fruit, he will throw tf up) |
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Subjective values |
Whats worth having or doing |
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some examples of competencies |
knowing what the world is made of social rules and conventions rehearsing stuff to learn it |
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Self regulatory systems and plans |
Graduating from college after four years to get a degree |
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Goals and plans |
people can either pat themselves on the back or punish themselves for reaching goals |
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What is self efficacy |
What you can achieve, I am a lawyer, but i want to be a judge soon. What you can do |
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Perceived self efficacy |
Competency - i think I can do it, what you think you can do |
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Performance |
Your past acheivement, makes future goals easier |
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Vicarious experiences |
Looking at a role model do it, and saying that you can too! |
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Verbal Persuassion |
people telling you that you can do it! |
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Emotional Arousal |
How scared or cool and collected we are in a situation |
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What do people with high self efficacy have? |
They are calm, organized, try hard things and are persistent |
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Moral justification means |
" it was done for a higher purpose so its all goood in the hood" |
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Euphmisitc labeling |
using softer, gentler words in replacement to harsher ones like, died, or fucged; they slept together, or passed away |
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Advantagous comparison |
Comparing it to something worse that happened so that you dont look so bad in comparison |
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What motivates Human beings |
Behavior outcome expectancies |
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What are the important factors of learning |
attention retention delayed modeling moter repoduction reinforcement |
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What does attention mean in learning |
observing the target -whats the target look like (attractiveness, power, charisma, similarity to observer) |
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What does retention mean in learning |
remembering what happened with the target (mental images) (verbal instructions) |
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motor reproduction |
doing what the target did, but better ;)
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Reinforcement |
Wanting it (behavior outcome expectancy) This should happen now, if I do this -incentive |
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Whats an example of vicarious conditioning |
watching psycho and being scared to shower Watching boogeyman and being afraid of the closet |
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Vicarious training is the result of |
Watching other people and learning from that |
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How do psychological problems happen from dysfunctional exspectancies |
You can develope a fear of spiders for no reason at all, or a fear of germs that could handicap your life. |
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Psychotherapy |
It creates a way for neurosis to be unlearned |
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Whats the major assumptionn that Donald and Miller make about neurosis that is true |
That it is learned and that means it can be unlearned |
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The goal of psychotherapy is |
to change the persons thought on what they think they can do, to more realistic stuff |
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What is most effective in reducing phobias |
Live modeling is the best, followed closely behind by symbolic modeling and desensitization |
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What is the consistancy coeficciant |
.30 |
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what is the consistancy paradox |
Psychologists and people in general keep thinking that peoples behavior is consistent when its really not according to the proof |
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What did Mischel find out in his research of delay of gratifcation |
The ability to do it increases with -age -How smart you are -shorter intervals of not getting it -and modeling It caused a better human to form in society |
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Bandura said self control is VERRY importante because....? |
Without it we would be impulsive humans, like animals |
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Criticisms of Bandura and Walter Mischel |
Situations in the mind cant cause behaviors Important personality traits were ignored They study non humans only, and the experiments cant be done in real life |
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Contributions of Bandura and Walter Mischel
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Really emphasized human empirical research You can use this in a real world setting How Media modeling is very powerful |
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Darwin - struggle for existance |
When more babies are made than the earth can support, and only the best adapted will survive |
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Darwin - adaption |
any added trait behavior that helps in survival and reproduction |
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Darwin - natural selection |
The enviroment decides who survives and who dosnt |
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Sexual selection |
Traits that cant be explained with natural selection ,kept in the gene pool because of sex benifits |
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Survival of the fittest |
Only the best adapters will survive in this world and make babies |
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Inclusive fitness |
When you help family out, and have kids. so they can reproduce |
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What do women prefer in long term mating |
Men that have good things and know how to get those good things |
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What do women prefer in short term mating |
Men with verry good genes, alpha traits, that will make better |
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What do men look for in long term mating |
A lady that can have kids, with youth and health who shows sighns of not cheating and commitment. |
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What do men look for in short term mating |
Low standards |
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Whats the coolidge effect |
Not having to wait after you bust when theres a new partner around |
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How do men decieve women |
Keep a rival from having anything that would help them out |
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Men looking for just a hookup will do this to deceive women |
Pretend about commitment |
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For females, what do they want when looking for long term mates |
Pay for dates, dinners and movies |
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What do women do to deceive males |
Say another women is a slut, and lie about if they can have sex or not. Pump faking |
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What is Altruism |
Risking your marbles so that someone else can have some |
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What is Kin Altruism |
Your more likely to help your family or close bloodline relative in a life or death situation than others |
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How does kin altruism work in a dire situation |
The ones who can have kids will be helped first |
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In every day situations how do Kin Altruisms work |
We help the neediest |
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What condition is primary and secondary resources |
Primary is unconditional Secondary is conditional |
