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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is personality? |
Scientific study of Psychology forces that makes people unique. |
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Roots in what 2 disciplines? |
Natural sciences and Philosophies |
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Psychological aspects/forces |
Unconscious forces: Deeply embedded in psyche-Certain things make you happy/sadfrom childhood
Ego forces: Description of the reality-Inner/Outer wants (sex/partner) Cognitive forces: How we think we should and do(socially acceptable) Biological forces: Inherited attributes (50%) Conditioning/shaping forces: Shaped by your environment(Reward/Punishment) Traits: Individual characteristics Spiritual/existential forces:Your humanity Person-situation interaction: |
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Importance of studying personality |
Predict behaviorIdentify career, mate, and strengths/weaknesses |
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Animal personality |
Animals also have personalities similar to humans that vary. |
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Helping personality- video what would you do? (Linda Hamilton) |
Peopleare more reluctant to help a homeless looking man or a man in general over awomen. A Business woman they are quick to help because we like to associateourselves better with the person we feel more like |
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Theory testing |
Testingassumptions about personality traits and other outcomesvel-EMU$| |
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Correlationaldesign (Strength, direction, Limitation) |
Strength: Closer to 1 Direction:Positive- +/- move together Negative- Move opposite Limitation- Never perfect |
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Deductive Reasoning |
Conclusions follow logically from the premises or assumptions (General Rule: M v. W view sex) |
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Inductive Reasoning |
Observations are collected and concepts are developed based on what data reveals (mexicans have more babies) |
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How theories change |
difficult to prove or falsify |
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4 criteria for a sound theory |
1. Comprehensive 2. Parsimonious: simple 3. Falsifiable |
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Banduras Social Cognitive Theory |
Person(Man)
Enviroment (V.S.) Behavior (Uncomfortable) |
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4 Sources of Data |
(S-Data)Self-Report: Q-Sort (100 cards)A- Best expert, casual force (acthow you want to be), EasyD- Less info, won’t/can’t tell you“Fish-and-Water” (I-Data) Informant:A- Lot of info, real world, lessbiasD- Limit info by who youinterview, Error in memory and god/bad bias (L-data) Life:Verifiable. Concrete, real life*Gosling*- “Residue ofpersonality”, “Myspace page rating”, “Dorm”A- Insight to culture identity andbiasedD- Mutlidetermination (Brightcomforter =happy /not =gift)
(B-data)Behavior1. Natural- Don’t know they arebeing watched2. Lab: More for child3. MMPI, Projective test,physiological measuresA- Objective and QuantifiableD- Uncertain interpretation (Ink),MotivationMUz |
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Q-sort |
100 cards with a descriptive variable that you order and can only use once |
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Objective Assessment |
Multiple Choice |
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Subjective Assessment |
Open ended questions |
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Mixed source |
Multiple sources |
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Reliability |
1.Internal consistency: >.8 alpha is good Split halves should be the same when compared 2. Test-retest |
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Validity |
Assessment measures what it says it will 1. Construct: Measure old with new 2. Disciminant: Add irrelevant measurements 3. Contact: All componets included |
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Increase validity... |
1. Number of items:low 2. Reverserve Code: 1234 -extro, 4321-intro 3. Reactivity/social desirability: no questions causing political correctness |
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Ethinic Bias |
Black Intelligence test of cultural homogeneity: Black children are NOT less intelligent but are not questions appropraitely |
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Common Freudian perspectives |
Sex, women, religion, dreams and culture |
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Levels of Consciousness |
1. Conscious-Current awareness
2. Preconscious- Remembered if brought upSuperego- choices that make us look goodEgo- mediator 3. Unconscious (80% of psyche) “Subconscious” ID- Naughty ideas� |
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Libido |
Dominate drive behind our behavior |
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thanatos |
Death drive, angry impules |
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hypnosis |
Process by which a person is induced into a trance state where action is partially under the control of another person
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Free association |
relax state and say whatever comes to mind |
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Symbolism in dream (Dream analysis) |
Only you can recognize symbol |
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Manifest (dreams) |
a symbol or what you see |
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Latent (Dream) |
What a manifest (symbol) means |
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Id |
I want it NOW (sex); birth basic drive, avoid pain seek pleasure |
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Ego |
I need a PLAN (sex everywhere); develops when child can learn to delay thier impulses |
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Superego |
Can't have it now, it's NOT right (marry);Morality. obey laws, punishment/reward |
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Psychosexual stages |
1. Oral 0-1 2. Anal 1-2 3.Phallic 3-6: genital stimulation 4. Latency Stage 7-12: Psychosexual energy goes into academics and social 5. Genital Stage 13-on: seek mate |
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Fixation |
Fixation with areas of the body that must be overcome for normal development to occur ( attachement)
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Freudian slip |
The ego and superego is distracting them the id will slip through, some how the id sneaked out” you said something that you didn’t mean to say but it is in your unconscious)
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Unconscious thought process |
driving home and not remembering the drive |
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Defense Mechanisms |
1. Repression: "False memories", PTSD 2. Reaction Formation: Anti-gay but buy transgender prostitute 3. Projections: Anxiety provoke impulses and thoughts to other (Suspicious of others) 4. Sublimation: Dangerous urge used positivley (controlling so become a leader) 5. Regression: Return to safer time(Spouse acts like child) 6. Rationalization: Logic for impulse ( Move to find self not love, supposedly) 7. DIsplacement: Shift unconscious fear to other (Mad at boss yell at spouse) 8. Unconscious Thought Process: Freudian Slip |
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Freud contributed: (4) |
1. Scientific explanation of personality and behaviors
2. Emphasis on sexuality in general 3. Importance of early childhood experiences in molding personality 4. Importance of the unconscious |
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Freud Weaknesses (4) |
1. Its highly deterministic and negates the idea of free will
2. Derived from study of pathology 3. Difficult to study empirically and to disconfirm 4. Not concerned with lifetime development |
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Jung different from Freud |
1.Thought of the libido as a life force that was from strong motivational drives
2. Focused on spirituality and morality rather than hedonism 3. Found the unconscious more accessible and retainable |
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Levels of consciousness (Jung) |
1.Conscious Ego: Conscious part of personality Embodies the sense of self \Similar to freud's ego
2. Personal unconscious Contains thoughts that are not currently part of conscious awareness 3. Collective unconscious: a deeper level of the unconscious, shared with the rest of humanity contains archetypes (universal emotional symbols) |
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Early influence (Jung) |
- Strict parenting- Social rejection
- Led to hours of deep thinking and perspective - found a way to cope with rejection of classmates - at 10 years old he created a “soul stone” and a mannequin which he hid away - Jung became Freud’s first student in 1907 - The two had been corresponding for years - Jung had some fundamental disagreements with certain aspects of Freud’s theory |
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Archetype |
Images common to all people;good v evil |
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Complexes and internal balances |
● A group of emotionally charged thoughts that are related to a particular theme to study complexes
● Identity Inferiority ● Jung created word association tests ● The pattern of words produced reveals the complex |
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2 attitudes of mind (Jung) |
Introvert (libido) Extrovert(libido) |
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Points of contention with Freud (Adler) |
· Initially studied with Freud in Austria
· Eventually he rejected many of Freud’s ideas |
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Individual Psychology (Adler) |
1. Occupational tasks: choosing career
2. Societal tasks: friendship/social network 3. Love tasks: finding a suitable life partners |
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Inferiority/superiority complexes(Adler) |
A complex is a group of emotionally charged thoughts that are related to a particular theme identity and inferiority.
- Jung created a word association test to study complexes - the Pattern reveals what the complex is |
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Organ inferiority(Adler) |
Everyone is born with physical weakness; our reactions to these inferiorities motivate life choices |
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Perfection Striving (Adler) |
striving to obtain power one’s own weakness and inferiority· Perfection striving: a striving to meet fictional goals· Varies by person and their idea of perfection
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Masculine Protest (Adler) |
According to Alfred Adler, an individual’s attempt to be competent and independent rather than merely an outgrowth of his or her parents
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Theory of birth order |
- Believed first born were impacted by birth of younger sibling
- Strived to regain their favored position with parents - Instead they take on the role as pseudo-parent (be example and help younger)—cuz they eventually reconcile that the younger sibling is always gonna be thereàLeading them to become socially responsible. |
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Later borns |
- Develop inferiority complexes—I’m not as big, talented as older-
Rebels in a creative way—to get out of older’s shadow 1. Brought about by the unique social situation into which each is born 2. Modern research suggests that birth order does have some influence on life outcomes. |
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Modern birth order findings... |
Modern day finding on birth order and personality:- First borns are more likely to go to college and become scientists- Later borns are more likely to be creative and revolutionaryBorn rebel (1996) looked at 6000+ biographies- First borns show significantly higher achievement but are also less likely to support revolutionary causes- Disproportionate number of advances made in religion, politics and social movements have been led by later borns.
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Typology for personality |
Adler cast his ideas into the classic greek notion of temperamental humors underlying personality.
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Feminism (Horney) |
Was the only female in her class at Harvard, was able to finish degree was denied a formal “Harvard” degree because she was a woman.Developed “Womb Envy,” in contradiction to Freud’s “Penis Envy.”Men have more t.o overcompensate for compared to women, because women create life from within them and have the ability to care for children, and therefore this is “womb envy”This idea explained the reason for why men historically have suppressed women
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Rejection of Penis Envy |
Men suffered from Womb Envy |
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Anxiety in children |
Child’s fear of being helpless and alone in the world
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Internal Anxiety (Horney) |
1. Passive: Cope by complying 2. Aggressive: Cope by fighting 3. Withdrawn: Cope by disengaging |
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Theory of self |
1. Real self: Aware of strength/weakness 2. Despised self: Low self esteem (fat, ugly) 3. Ideal self: What one wants to be (Wear designer cloths/ makeup) |
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Stage Theory of Ego Crisis (8) |
1. 0-1 Trust v. mistrust (Hope/Crying) 2. 2-3 Autonomy v Shame (Will to/Potty train ok/bad) 3. 4-6 Initiative v guilt (Purpose/ masturbation) 4. mid-late childhood Industry (Confidence) v ineriority (no confidence) (School success) 5. Teen Identity v role confusion (loyalty/clique) 6. Early adulthood Intimacy v isolation (Love) 7. Mid adulthood Generativety (achieve!) v stagnation (Achieve?) (Caring/40s) 8. Late adulthood Ego integrity (I know... ) v despair (want to die) (Wisdom/senior) |
