Personality

Front 1

personality trait

Back 1

an individual’s unique collection of consistent behavioral traits

Front 2

consistency

Back 2

the stability in a person’s behavior over time and across situations

Front 3

Distinctiveness

Back 3

behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation

Front 4

Conscious

Back 4

consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time

Front 5

Preconscious

Back 5

contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved

Front 6

Unconscious

Back 6

contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

Front 7

Id

Back 7

(governed by the “pleasure principle”): primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle (demands immediate gratification of its urges)

Front 8

Ego

Back 8

(governed by the “reality principle”): decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle (seeks to delay gratification of the ids urges until appropriate outlets and situation can be found)

Front 9

Superego

Back 9

(governed by the “moral principle”): moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

Front 10

Libidinal energy

Back 10

psychic energy produced by the libido

Front 11

erogenous zones

Back 11

area of the human body that has heightened sensitivity, the stimulation of which would normally result in sexual arousal

Front 12

Role of fixation

Back 12

involves a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected

Front 13

Oral

Back 13

first year of life; source of stimulation is mouth (biting, sucking, chewing); weaning from bottle or nipple; obsessive eating or smoking

Front 14

Anal

Back 14

second year; pleasure from bowel movements (expulsion or retention of feces); potty training; fixation: hatred of women or sexual anxiety later in life

Front 15

Phallic

Back 15

3rd to 5th year; genitals become focus for erotic energy; boys like moms; girls like dads; penis envy

Front 16

Oedipal complex

Back 16

male's psycho-sexual development involves a sexual attachment to his mother

Front 17

Electra complex

Back 17

female's psycho-sexual development involves a sexual attachment to her father

Front 18

Latency

Back 18

5th year to puberty; sexuality is largely suppressed; expanding social contacts beyond immediate family

Front 19

Genital

Back 19

puberty onward; sexual urges reappear and focus on genitals; channeled toward peers of other sex

Front 20

Regression

Back 20

reversion to immature patterns of behavior (i.e. boasting, bragging)

Front 21

Denial

Back 21

faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to accept and rejects it instead, insisting that it is not true despite what may be overwhelming evidence

Front 22

Repression

Back 22

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Front 23

Reaction Formation

Back 23

behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

Front 24

Projection

Back 24

attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

Front 25

Displacement

Back 25

diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target

Front 26

Sublimation

Back 26

transformation of unwanted impulses into something less harmful

Front 27

Striving for superiority

Back 27

(Adler) universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life’s challenges; prime goal of life not physical gratification (Freud)

Front 28

Inferiority complex

Back 28

(Adler) exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy (harmful compensation: involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities)

Front 29

Personal unconsciousness

Back 29

(Jung) 1st layer of unconscious; same as Freud’s version of unconscious; material not within one’s conscious awareness

Front 30

Collective unconsciousness

Back 30

(Jung) deeper layer of unconscious; storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past; shared with entire human race

Front 31

Archetypes

Back 31

(Jung) emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

Front 32

Factor analysis

Back 32

correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables; single factors are responsible for correlating traits

Front 33

Emotional Stability (Neuroticism)

Back 33

anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable

Front 34

Extraversion

Back 34

outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious

Front 35

Openness to experience

Back 35

curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, and unconventional attitudes

Front 36

Agreeableness

Back 36

sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward

Front 37

Conscientiousness

Back 37

diligent, disciplined, well-organized, punctual and dependable

Front 38

Behavioral approach (Skinner)

Back 38

based on premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

Front 39

Deterministic

Back 39

behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli

Front 40

Response tendencies

Back 40

personality is made up of these which are tied to stimulus situations

Front 41

Cognitive-Behavioral/Social cognitive approach (Bandura)

Back 41

Personality is largely shaped through learning

Front 42

Self-efficacy

Back 42

one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

Front 43

Mischel’s person-situation theory

Back 43

people will behave differently in different situations

Front 44

Self-actualization (Maslow)

Back 44

need to fulfill one’s potential (highest need in hierarchy); people with exceptionally healthy personalties, marked by continued personal growth

Front 45

The role of the self-concept

Back 45

collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities and typical behavior

Front 46

Conditions of worth (incongruence)

Back 46

degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience

Front 47

Hierarchy of needs

Back 47

systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused

Front 48

Extraversion – introversion

Back 48

(Eysenck and Eysenck) introverts tend to have high levels of physiological arousal, which make them more easily conditioned than extraverts; people who condition easily acquire more conditioned inhibitions than others; social discomfort

Front 49

The role of family environment

Back 49

shared family environment appears to have remarkably little impact on personality

Front 50

Independent self

Back 50

(American/Western) define oneself in terms of personal attributes, abilities, accomplishments and possessions

Front 51

Interdependent self

Back 51

(Asian/Eastern) emphasizes the fundamental connectedness of people to each other; rely on family and friends, should be modest about personal accomplishments so they don’t diminish others’ achievements; should view themselves as part of a larger social matrix; encouraged to fit in and avoid standing out from the crowd; define themselves by the groups they belong to; self worth is measured by group achievements and harmonious relations with others