Periods 6 And 7

Front 1

Causes of New markets and monopolies in North America

Back 1

Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportationand communication systems opened new markets in NorthAmerica, while technological innovations and redesigned financialand management structures such as monopolies sought to maximizethe exploitation of natural resources and a growing labor force.

Front 2

Reasons for looking to overseas markets

Back 2

Businesses and foreign policymakers increasingly looked outsideU.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and controlover markets and natural resources in the Pacific, Asia, and LatinAmerica.

Front 3

Defense of trusts

Back 3

Business leaders consolidated corporations into trusts and holdingcompanies and defended their resulting status and privilegethrough theories such as Social Darwinism.

Front 4

Conspicuous consumption

Back 4

As cities grew substantially in both size and in number, somesegments of American society enjoyed lives of extravagant“conspicuous consumption,” while many others lived in relativepoverty.

Front 5

Effects of immigration on workforce

Back 5

The industrial workforce expanded through migration acrossnational borders and internal migration, leading to a more diverseworkforce, lower wages, and an increase in child labor.

Front 6

Labor V. Managment

Back 6

Labor and management battled for control over wages andworking conditions, with workers organizing local and nationalunions and/or directly confronting corporate power.

Front 7

New South

Back 7

Despite the industrialization of some segments of the southerneconomy, a change promoted by southern leaders who called for a“New South,” agrarian sharecropping, and tenant farming systemscontinued to dominate the region

Front 8

Conservationists V. Corporate Entities

Back 8

Government agencies and conservationist organizations contendedwith corporate interests about the extension of public control overnatural resources, including land and water.

Front 9

Methods of Farmers' adaptation to new markets

Back 9

Farmers adapted to the new realities of mechanized agricultureand dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating localand regional organizations that sought to resist corporate controlof agricultural markets.

Front 10

populist party platform

Back 10

The growth of corporate power in agriculture and economicinstability in the farming sector inspired activists to create thePeople’s (Populist) Party, which called for political reform and astronger governmental role in the American economic system.

Front 11

Causes of Urbanization and movement to West

Back 11

Increased migrations from Asia and from southern and eastern Europe as well as African american immigrants within and out of the south

Front 12

Characteristics of cities

Back 12

Cities dramatically reflected divided social conditions

Front 13

Americanization and Maintenance of culture

Back 13

Immigrants began to adapt to our culture and the culture began to change and sway in many directions

Front 14

Characteristics of Political Machines

Back 14

They developed support groups for the people and help people come together as a whole inside the nation

Front 15

Effects of Immigration on Native Americans

Back 15

As transcontinental railroads were completed, bringing more settlers west,U.S. military actions, the destruction of the buffalo, the confinement ofAmerican Indians to reservations, and assimilation policies reduced thenumber of American Indians and threatened native culture and identity.

Front 16

Causes for violent conflict in the West

Back 16

The competition for land in the West among white settlers, Indians,and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict.

Front 17

US Response to Indian resistance

Back 17

The U.S. government generally responded to American Indianresistance with military force, eventually dispersing tribes ontosmall reservations and hoping to end American Indian tribalidentities through assimilation.

Front 18

Public response to government corruption

Back 18

Corruption in government — especially as it related to big business —energized the public to demand increased popular control and reformof local, state, and national governments, ranging from minor changesto major overhauls of the capitalist system.

Front 19

Justification of violence toward minorities

Back 19

Increasingly prominent racist and nativist theories, alongwith Supreme Court decisions such as Plessy v. Ferguson, wereused to justify violence as well as local and national policies ofdiscrimination and segregation.

Front 20

Arguments for wealth inequality

Back 20

Cultural and intellectual arguments justified the success of thoseat the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate andinevitable, even as some leaders argued that the wealthy had someobligation to help the less fortunate.

Front 21

Challenges to corporate ethics

Back 21

A number of critics challenged the dominant corporate ethic inthe United States and sometimes capitalism itself, offering alternatevisions of the good society through utopianism and the SocialGospel.

Front 22

African american and women's arguments

Back 22

Challenging their prescribed “place,” women and AfricanAmerican activists articulated alternative visions of political,social, and economic equality

Front 23

focus of large corporations

Back 23

increased production of consumer goods by new technologies and manifactoring techniques

Front 24

opportunities of urbanization

Back 24

women,interal and international immigrants

Front 25

reasons for calls to stronger financial regulations

Back 25

episodes of credit and market instability,most critically the Great Depression

Front 26

aims of progressive reforms

Back 26

worked to reform social and political institutions at local,state and federal level by creating new orginizations

Front 27

legislation promoted by progressives

Back 27

to regulate abuse of the economy and enviroment and expand democracy

Front 28

FDR new deal

Back 28

earlier progressive ideas and represented a multifaceted approachto both the causes and effects of the Great Depression, usinggovernment power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery,and reform the American economy.

Front 29

radical vs concervative opinions of new deal

Back 29

Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt towardmore extensive reforms, even as conservatives in Congress and theSupreme Court sought to limit the New Deal’s scope.

Front 30

new deals legacy of reform

Back 30

New Deal did not completely overcome theDepression, it left a legacy of reforms and agencies that endeavoredto make society and individuals more secure, and it helped fostera long–term political realignment in which many ethnic groups,African Americans, and working–class communities identifiedwith the Democratic Party

Front 31

effects of new technology

Back 31

improved standards of living,greater personal mobility, and better communications systems.

Front 32

examples of cultural conflicts caused by modernization

Back 32

tradition versus innovation, urban versus rural, fundamentalistChristianity versus scientific modernism, management versuslabor, native–born versus new immigrants, white versus black, andidealism versus disillusionment.

Front 33

causes and effects of the harlem renaissance

Back 33

The rise of an urban, industrial society encouraged the harlem renaissance whichh effected the national culture with art and amd mass media.

Front 34

repressive atmosphere created by ww1

Back 34

for civil liberaties such as freedom of speech

Front 35

1st red scare

Back 35

As labor strikes and racial strife disrupted society that legitimized attacks on redicals and immigrants

Front 36

restricted vs unrestricted immigration

Back 36

Several acts of Congress established highly restrictive immigration quotas,while national policies continued to permit unrestricted permission from western hemisphere

Front 37

great migration

Back 37

american americans migrated out of the south for oppertuntities offered by ww1

Front 38

effects of ww1 and ww2 on immigration

Back 38

immigrated immigrated to america for wartime production jobs

Front 39

mexicans during the 1930–40s

Back 39

Many Mexicans, drawn to the United States by economic oppertunities faced ambivilent government polices from 1930–1940

Front 40

causes of us expansion into non–white nations

Back 40

americans were destined to spead and norms to others especially non–white nations

Front 41

effects of us victory in spanish american war

Back 41

U.S. acquisition of island territories, an expanded economicand military presence in the Caribbean and Latin America,engagement in a protracted insurrection in the Philippines, andincreased involvement in Asia.

Front 42

effects of americas imperialism on views of american involvment

Back 42

Questions about America’s role in the world generatedconsiderable debate, prompting the development of a wide varietyof views and arguments between imperialists and anti–imperialistsand, later, interventionists and isolationists.

Front 43

neutrality vs involvment during ww1

Back 43

american abanded neautrality to enter the ww1 and become involved

Front 44

post ww1 peace negotiations with wilson

Back 44

involved with the treaty of versailles and the leauge of nations

Front 45

us foreign policy from 1920–30

Back 45

unilateral foreign policy

Front 46

economic effects of mobilization for ww2

Back 46

provided oppertunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions

Front 47

wartime experiences that caused americans to question values

Back 47

internment of JapaneseAmericans, challenges to civil liberties, debates over race andsegregation, and the decision to drop the atomic bomb

Front 48

reasons for us and allied victory in ww2

Back 48

including allied politicaland military cooperation, industrial production, technologicaland scientific advances, and popular commitmen

Front 49

reasons for us emergence as a world power after ww2

Back 49

The dominant American role in the Allied victory and postwarpeace settlements, combined with the war–ravaged condition ofAsia and Europe, allowed the United States to emerge from the waras the most powerful nation on earth.