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179 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How did Truman use federal authority to stabilize the economy? |
He slowly demobilized armed forces to prevent an economic turn down |
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What did the GI Bill of Rights do? |
Provided a federal grant ($16 billion) to 15 million veterans looking to continue their education, start businesses, or purchase homes |
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What Act did Congress pass over Truman's veto? What did it do? |
The Taft-Hartley Act; outlawed closed shop agreements (workers had to join a union before being hired) |
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What did the Taft-Hartley Act do for unions? What other Act did it weaken? |
Curbed the power of labor unions; the Wagner Act |
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What did the 22nd amendment do? What is its nickname? |
(Proposed by Republicans) limited the president to a maximum of two full terms in office; the FDR Amendment |
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What did Truman hope would serve as a counterweight to the much larger Soviet 'Red' army? |
The atomic bomb |
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What did State Department analyst George Kennan argue about the Soviet Union? |
The Soviet Union was outwardly aggressive due to inward pressures and that this aggression could be met by containment; the Soviets would constantly seek to expand |
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What country was committed to preventing Soviet expansion beyond its 1947 boundaries? |
The US |
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What was the "iron curtain"? |
A metaphor that Winston Churchill used to describe the ideological and physical boundary separating eastern and western Europe |
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What did Truman and Congress do in response to the threats to Greece and Turkey's freedom? |
Congress appropriated $400 million under the Truman Doctrine to support anti-comms in Greece and Turkey (1st example of containment) |
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What did the Western allies do in Germany that Stalin perceived as a threat? Why did he do in response? |
Announced a plan to careate an independent West Germany and single currency; stopped all ground traffic into Berlin to test the West |
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What did Truman do in response to Stalin's stop to ground traffic into Berlin? |
Ordered the airlifting of food, fuel, and other goods to maintain West Berliners |
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What was the lowest point in the Cold War for the Soviets? |
The Berlin blockade and airlift |
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What were the main issues of the election of 1948? |
- Committee on Civil Rights - Integration of the military (angered southern Democrats) |
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Who formed the States' Rights (Dixiecrat) Party? Who did they nominate for president? |
Southerners; Strom Thrumond |
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Who toured the country throughout his presidential campaign and attacked Republicans with his "Give-Em-Hell speeches? |
Eisenhower |
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What did Truman propose shortly after taking office? What was it? |
The Fair Deal; an extension of New Deal programs and civil rights legislation |
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What did the Allies establish in order to strengthen US ties with European democracies? What did the Soviets do in response? |
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- a mutual defense pact against the Soviets; created the Warsaw Pact |
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What organization proposed during the Cold War was an example of collective security (promoted by FDR and Wilson)? |
NATO |
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Why didn't containment work as well in Asia as it had in Europe? |
The US had fewer allies, it was more expensive, less effective, and harder to justify |
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What was going on in China during the Cold War? |
A civil war between communist forces led by Mao Zedong and anticommunist Nationalist Chiang Kai-shek |
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What was the outcome of the civil war in China? |
The communists overran Chiang Kai-shek and established a communist regime; Republicans criticized Truman for not backing Chiang Kai-shek strongly enough |
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How did the US respond to the communist takeover in China? How can this be connected to today? |
Refused to acknowledge the New government (for 20 yrs); Today we don't recognize the government's in North Korea, Cuba, and Iran |
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What did China and Russia do that seemed to imply a worldwide communist conspiracy? |
Signed the Sino-Soviet Pact |
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What is another name for the Korean War? |
The Forgotten War |
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What happened to Korea after WWII? |
It was takes away from Japan and divided at the 38th parallel |
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What happened that encouraged North Koreans to cross the 38th parallel and overrun S Korean forces, thus starting the war? |
Sec of State Dean Acheson failed to include Korea in what he described as the "defensive perimeter" of the US in Asia |
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What percent of UN troops that were sent to Korea were American? |
90% |
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Who crossed the 38th parallel into North Korea with Truman's permission to weaken the North Koreans? |
MacArthur |
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Who made the bold prediction that the Korean War "would be over by Christmas"? |
MacArthur |
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Who attacked MacArthur's troops as they moved toward the Yalu River? What did MacArthur's troops do in response? |
33 Chinese divisions; reatreated (attacked the rear) |
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What did MacArthur ask for Truman's permission to do? What was Truman's answer? |
Allowance to bomb Chinese bases north of the Yalu; no |
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What did MacArthur do in response to Truman's unwillingness for action in Korea? What was Truman's response? |
Went to the press and Congress in an attempt to pressure Truman into action; fired him for insubordination |
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What was much of the war like in Korea? What war does this resemble? |
A stalemate along the 38th parallel; WWI, trench warfare |
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What did the National Security Act do? |
Provided a centralized Department of Defense to coordinate the Armed Forces, created the Ntl Security Council and CIA |
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Why did Truman establish the Loyalty Review Board? |
In response to being accused of being soft on communism |
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What did the House Un-American Activities Committee do? |
Investigate communist infiltration into society (Boy Scouts and Hollywood) |
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What did Whittaker Chambers accuse Alger Hiss (helped FDR at Yalta) of? Was he right? |
Being a communist; yes |
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Who investigated the claims against Hiss? |
A young Nixon |
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Who was arrested and convicted for giving away secrets to the Soviets? What happened to them? |
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg; they were executed |
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What did Sen Joseph McCarthy claim in Feb of 1950? |
205 State Dept officials that were communists and he had a list of people whom the Sec of State knew to be communist |
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What factors the rise of McCarthyism? |
The fall of China, Korean War, loss of nuclear monopoly, and stories about spies |
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Why didn't Eisenhower challenge McCarthys claims against his friend Marshall? |
McCarthy was too popular |
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How was McCarthy eventually taken down? |
Eisenhower applied pressure from behind the scenes, and the Senate eventually censured him |
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Who did the Republicans nominate for the election of 1952? Why? Who was his running mate? |
Eisenhower; his war record, personality, and desire to avoid controversy appealed to voters; Nixon |
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What was Eisenhower's campaign slogan? |
"I shall go to Korea" |
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What was Eisenhower's goal when he came to the White House? |
Block the creation of New social welfare programs (didn't cut federal funding for New Deal programs |
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What is "Modern Republicanism"? |
Building up the army (Eisenhower reduced the number of troops, but expanded nuclear and weaponry |
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What was Eisenhowers greatest domestic contribution? |
The Federal Aid Highway Act/Interstate Highway Act |
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What were the economic benefits in the 50's? |
Low unemployment- 3% (like the 20s), balanced budgets, housing boom, second family cars, reduced military, increase in personal income |
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Who believed that the US needed to put less emphasis on nuclear bombs and more on conventional weapronry? |
Eisenhower and his Sec of State John Foster Dulles |
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What is "massive retaliation"? |
Willingness to use nuclear weapons |
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What was "brinkmanship"? |
Dulles' policy that if the US pushed Communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down because of US nuclear superiority |
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Who led the National rebels in Vietnam (Vietminh)? |
Ho Chi Minh |
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What did the US do in Vietnam that was similar to Spain the Philippine Insurrection? |
Replaced France as the country's 'mother country' instead of giving them their independence (sets up Vietnam War) |
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What was agreed upon at the Geneva Conference regarding Vietnam? |
Temporary divide along the 17th parallel, reunification election for the future of Vietnam set for 2 years later |
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Who were the leaders of North and South Korea? |
North- Ho Chi Minh South- Ngo Ding Diem |
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Why weren't the planned elections in Vietnam held? |
Ngo Dinh Diem and the US knew he would lose (became the Domino Theory) |
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What did the Vietcong (communist guerillas) do when the elections were not held? |
Made it their mission to overthrow Diem and remove American influence in S Vietnam |
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What did Dulles create after the elections were not held? |
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)- collective security like NATO, UN, and LoN |
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Who replaced Stalin after a period of internal conflict after he died? |
Nikita Khrushchev |
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Who did Eisenhower support as the New leader of Egypt? How did he plan to help them out? Why didn't it pan out? |
Lend Egypt money to build the Aswan High Dam; Nasser also asked Khrushchev for a financial package deal, so Ike cancelled the deal |
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Why did Nasser seize control of the Suez Canal? What did France, Britain, and Israel do in response? |
He sought additional funds; moved into Egypt to retake the Canal (almost causes WWIII) |
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What did Ike do in response to the crisis in Egypt? |
Created the Eisenhower Doctrine, which pledged economic and military aid to any middle eastern country threatened by communism |
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Who/what played a major role in overthrowing a govt in Iran that tried to nationalize foreign oil companies? |
The CIA |
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What was the highest point in the war for the Soviets? |
The successful launch of Sputnik |
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What was the impact of Sputnik on the US? |
Massive retaliation became obsolete, NASA was created, and American schools stressed math and science more |
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What did Eisenhower propose to Krushchev? What was Khrushchev's response? Why? |
"Open skies" policy of spying against one another; No; after Sputnik they were ahead in the 'space race', didn't want our spies to see how they did it |
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What caused Khrushchev to refuse to attend the peace summit and brought an end to the thaw in the Cold War? |
The capture of spy pilot Gary Powers |
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Who said, "In the council's of govt, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex"? |
Eisenhower, in his farewell address |
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Who overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista? Did Eisenhower recognize him? |
Fidel Castro; yes |
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How did Castro soon prove to be a communist? What was Ike's response? |
Seized American property and aligned himself with the Soviets; cut off US trade with Cuba |
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What did Eisenhower do just before leaving office? |
Broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba and authorized the CIA to train anticommunist Cuban exiles to retake their island |
Cuba |
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Who did Ike appoint to the Supreme Court? Why did Eisenhower consider it the biggest mistake of his presidency even though it was a good decision? |
Earl Warren; the Warren Court became very liberal, whereas Ike was more conservative |
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What was the vote in Brown vs. Board of Education? |
9-0 decision |
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What was the Brown v. Educ case about? |
NAACP lawyer Thrugood Marshall challenged the separate but equal doctrine, saying that they were "inherently unequal" |
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What was Marshalls main argument in the SC case? What did the courts decision do? |
Violated the equal protection of the laws clause of the 14th amendment; reversed Plessy v. Ferguson |
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What did Congress members do in response to the courts decision in Brown v. Board? |
Wrote the Southern Manifesto- a strongly worded paper condemning the case |
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Who wrote the Southern Manifesto? What two congressmen refused to sign it? |
Strom Thurmond; Al Gor and Lyndon Johmson |
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What did Governor Faubus do in Arkansas in 1958? |
Closed all schools to both blacks and whites (called the Lost Year of Education) |
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Who were the Little Rock 9? |
9 AA students who were prevented from attending Little Rock Central High School |
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How did Eisenhower react to the Little Rock 9 incident? |
Sent 1,000 paratroopers to maintain order and escort the students to school for the rest of the year |
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What was the significance of the troops Eisenhower sent to Little Rock? |
They were the first men in at D-Day; he sent in our toughest men to send a message (101st airborne) |
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What was Eisenhower's greatest failure as president? |
Civil rights-- he was too slow on and didn't use his presidential powers to advance the issue |
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Who was the Republican candidate in the election of 1960? Who was the Democrat candidate? |
Nixon; JFK |
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Which election was the first to be televised? |
The election of 1960 |
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Who was our youngest president ever? |
TR- JFK was youngest elected president (43) |
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Who became Kennedy's running mate? Why? |
Lyndon B. Johnson; to balance the ticket and attract Southern voters |
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JFK was the second Catholic to gain a major-party nomination. How did his religion help/weaken him? |
It was a strength in Eastern cities, but it weakened him in rural areas and the west (instead of questioning his age and stance, people questioned his religion) |
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What was JFK's domestic program called? |
New Frontier |
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In one of the closest elections ever, JFK won by a little over 100,000 votes |
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Why did the Kennedy White House become known as Camelot? |
Do to the charismatic and stylish couple living there and also because JFK had loved the Knights of the Round Table as a kid, and held on to those idealistic ideas |
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What was the lowest point in the war for the US? |
The Bay of Pigs |
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What did was Eisenhower's plan for the Bay of Pigs? |
The CIA had been training about 200 Cuban exiles in Nicaragua to retake Cuba and overthrow Castro |
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How did Kennedy change Eisenhower's plan for the Bay of Pigs? |
When the Cubans didn't come to their support, JFK rejected using US air support or forces to help them |
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What was Khrushchev's impression of Kennedy after the failure at the Bay of Pigs? |
Believed he could intimidate and bully the young president |
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How did Kennedy attempt to improve America's image after the Bay of Pigs? |
Put forth two new programs: the Peace Corps and the Alliance for Progress |
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What does the Peace Corps do? |
Trains volunteers to live in 2-3 years in developing countries to eradicate poverty (Africa, Asia, Latin America) |
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What did the Alliance for Progress? |
$10 bil over 10 years to poverty-stricken Latin American countries |
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What did Khrushchev do after he demanded US troops be pulled from Berlin and JFK refused? |
Closed the border between East and West Berlin and erected a concrete wall to stop the flow of East Germans into West |
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Who visited Berlin in 1963 and paid tribute to Berliners, famously saying, "Ich bin ein Berliner"? |
JFK |
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What was the Berlin Wall a symbol for until it was torn down by rebellious East Germans in 1989? |
The Cold War |
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What did Kennedy state about our space program? |
Americans would land on the moon in 10 years |
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What was the highest point for the US during the Cold War? |
The moon landing |
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What caused Khrushchev to start placing missiles in Cuba? |
JFK's actions in Berlin and US missiles in Turkey |
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What did Kennedy do in response to Khrushchevs actions in Cuba? |
He couldn't back down, so he ordered a naval blockade of Cuba |
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What did JFK threaten if the Cuban based nuclear weapons ever attacked the US? |
The use of nuclear weapons on the Soviets (closest US has ever come to nuclear war) |
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After 13 days of the so-called 'Cuban missile crisis', what did Khrushchev decide to do? What did Kennedy do in response? |
Backed down: - Recalled ships, withdrew the missiles and reduced military presence in Cuba; Kennedy lifted the blockade and promised not to invade Cuba |
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What did JFK and Khrushchev agree to do after the end of the missile crisis? |
Install a direct telephone link between the White House and the Kremlin |
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What did the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty do? What two countries signed it? |
Outlawed nuclear testing in the atmosphere; US and SU |
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What was the US's involvement with Vietnam under Eisenhower? |
Sent weapons and advisors to help train train and equip the South Vietnamese army |
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How did our presence in Vietnam change under Kennedy? |
Sharply increased- more than 16,000 troops in S Vietnam to provide support, training, and supplies (not combat) |
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Who supported the overthrow and assassination of Diem by several Vietnamese generals? |
The Kennedy administration |
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When did the Civil Rights Movement begin? What happened on this day? |
Dec 1, 1955; Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat and was arrested and fined $14.00 |
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Who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott after Rosa Parks' arrest? |
MLKJ |
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What organization did MLKJ start? What did it do? |
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (to champion the cause of civil rights); organized ministers and churches in the South to get behind the Civil rights struggle |
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Who was Emmet Till? |
A 14 year old AA boy from Chicago who visited relatives in Mississippi and was brutally murdered there |
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What other organizations joined the Civil rights struggle? |
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE- primarily northern-based) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC- primarily southern-based) |
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What happened in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960? |
4 AA students sat down at a lunch counter and were informed that they would not be served |
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What was the national reaction to the events in Greensboro? |
Sparked a national movement of "sit-ins" with more than 50 underway within two weeks |
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Why did Civil rights activists organize a "freedom ride" in 1961? How did some racists respond? |
To test federal regulations prohibiting discrimination in interstate transport; firebombed a Greyhound bus in Alabama |
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Who criticized King as an Uncle Tom and advocated self-defense to counter white violence? What past people can this be connected to? |
Malcolm X; Marcus Garvey with Booker T. Washington |
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What did the Nation of Islam stress (Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammad)? |
Black nationalism, separatism, and to view whites with suspicion and hatred |
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Who was James Meredith? How did JFK help him out? |
Attempted to enroll in the University of Mississippi (became first AA to go to white college); JFK sent 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to control mob violence and protect Merediths right to attend class |
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What other event similar to James Meredith occured in Alabama in 1963? |
Gov George Wallace and Gov Faubus tried to stop an AA student from attending the Univ of Alabama-- JFK sent troops again |
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Who was Eugene "Bull" Connor? |
A man who brutally repressed Birmingham demonstrations using electric cattle prod-sticks, fire hoses, and German shephards-- shocked both the Nation and the world |
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How did AAs help Kennedy out when his Civil Rights Bill ran into opposition in Congress? |
Organized a demonstration in DC, King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech |
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What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do? |
Outlawed discrimination in public spaces and in the work place (also bans gender discrimination) |
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What played a key role in the Civil rights movement and the Vietnam War? Why? |
TV; brought the truth and brutality of both to the homes of Americans, inspired them to do more |
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Who killed Kennedy? When/where? |
Lee Harvey Oswald; while visiting Dallas |
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What happened to Oswald? |
Killed by Jack Ruby two days after shooting Kennedy (televised- millions of Americans watched) |
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What did President Johnson do in response to the conspiracy theories surrounding JFK's death? |
Ordered a special commission to investigate (headed by Justice Warren)-- concluded in an 888 pg paper that Warren had acted alone |
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Who declared that they were going to start a "war on poverty" and create a "Great Society"? What was the "Great Society"? |
Johnson; a sweeping set of New Deal style economic and welfare measures demonstrating his commitment to take care of America (LBJ modeled his presidency after FDR) |
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Who wrote The Other America? What was its impact on Johnson? |
Michael Harrington; shaped his policy on a war with poverty and racial justice |
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Who did the Republicans nominate for the election of 1964? |
Barry Goldwater |
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What is significant about the 1964 election and Goldwater? |
Election is remembered for Goldwaters status as a pioneer in the modern conservative movement (his opposition to the Civil Rights Bill appealed to the South) |
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What did Conservatives advocate in this time period? |
- limited government - states handle racial issues - defined gender roles (separate spheres) - defend/promote traditional family values |
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What is Medicare? What is Medicaid? Both created during the Great Society |
Medicare- health insurance program for those 65+ Medicaid- govt paid health care for the poor and disabled |
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How was the Great Society different from the New Deal? |
GS included landmark laws that protected the Civil liberties and voting rights of AAs |
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What does liberalism mean? What two things were very liberal in this time period? |
To bring about change; the Warren Court and Great Society |
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What things did the Warren Court desicions impact? |
The criminal justice system, political system, and the definition of individual rights (critics called for his impeachment bc of this) |
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What was the ruling in the Miranda v. Arizona case? |
Extended the ruling of Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer present during questioning by the police |
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What escalated (military build-up) the war in Vietnam? |
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
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What was the conflict in the Gulf of Tonkin about? |
The US said that a North Vietnamese torpedo boat launched an unprovoked attack against US destroyers there |
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How did Johnson solve the Gulf of Tonkin conflict? |
Put forth the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- authorized the president to repel any future attacks and to prevent further aggression |
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How did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution help Johnson? |
Gave him a "blank check" to escalate the war in Vietnam- within a short time he began to dramatically increase the number of troops in Vietnam |
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What was Operation Rolling Thunder? |
Johnson's massive air campaign against N Vietnam using B-52 bombers to try to bring them to the Peace table |
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Who came up with the "body count" policy as the sole measure of success in the war? What was it? |
Sec of Defense Robert McNamara; compare number of dead between our side and enemy's-- lowest death count is winning |
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What were supporters of the war called? Opposers? |
Hawks; doves |
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Why was opposition to the war especially strong on college campuses? |
The young boys were afraid of the draft |
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What is a credibility gap? Where is this seen in the war? |
A difference between what is said or promised and what happens or is true; the Tet Offensive |
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Who claimed he could "see the light at the end of the tunnel" (in regards to the war)? |
General Westmoreland- Johnson ordered him to reassure the American people |
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How did the Tet Offensive help the US? |
N Vietnam suffered huge casualties- 45,000 dead compared to 4,000 American |
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How did the Tet Offensive hurt Johnson? (2) |
- the destruction viewed on TV by millions of Americans was a colossal setback for his Vietnam policy - undermined support for the war and Johnson's credibility |
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How did the war impact the Democrat Party? |
Caused them to become sharply divided |
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Who were the 3 Democrat candidates in the election of 1968? |
Eugene McCarthy (dove), Robert Kennedy (dove), and Hubert Humphrey (hawk) |
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Who assassinated Robert Kennedy? |
Sirhan Sirhan |
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Who did the Republicans nominate for the election of 1968? |
Richard Nixon |
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Nixon said he had a plan to "end the war and restore peace", though he didn't offer specifics to this plan |
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Who ran as the candidate for the American Independent Party? |
Gov George Wallace |
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Where was the Democratic convention held for the election of 1968? What was the creation to Humphrey receiving the nomination? |
Chicago; police riots and anti-war protests were held at the convention |
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What was Nixon's Peace With Honor policy? |
He wanted to find a way to reduce US involvement in the war while at the same time avoiding the appearance of conceding defeat |
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What was Vietnamization? |
A phased withdrawal of American troops and to build up the South-Vietnamese army |
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What was the ruling in Tinker v. Des Moines? |
Students reatain their constitutional right of freedom of speech while in public school |
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What is the "silent majority"? Who appealed to them? |
Moderate Americans who were quietly supportive of Vietnam and tired of the social upheaval of the 60s (nonprotestors, nonpicketters); Nixon |
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What happened in the Vietnamese village My Lai in 1979? |
American soldiers under the command of Lt. William Calley massacred 350 civilians, mostly women, children, and old men- Calley said he was just following orders |
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What other event was nearly identical to the massacre at My Lau? |
Sand Creek Massacre (John J. Shivington) |
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Who also claimed, like Calley, that they were just following orders in another past event? |
Soldiers at the Nuremberg Trials |
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Why did critics accuse Nixon of being mentally unbalanced and winding up the war when he said he wanted to wind it down? |
Nixon ordered thousands of troops to destroy communist sanctuaries in neutral Cambodia and bombed targets in N Vietnam |
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What effect did the announcement of Cambodian invasion have on the public? |
Triggered numerous campus demonstrations: - Kent State, OH- students fought with local police for several days until the Natl Guard was called in and 4 students were killed - Jackson State Univ, Miss- 2 students also killed |
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What were the Pentagon Papers? |
A secret government history documenting the mistakes and deceptions of government policy makers in dealing with the war |
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Who turned over the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times? |
Daniel Ellsberg (former Defense Dept analyst) |
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What was Nixon's policy towards communism? |
Détente- a policy of trying to relax tensions with the Soviets and Chinese |
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What did the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty do? Who signed it? |
Limited the number of ICBMs (disarmament like Rush-Bagot); US and SU |
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What was Nixon's "southern strategy"? |
A plan for appealing to White resentment over black militants, anti-war protests and desegragstiin to capture Southern voters for the Republican Party |
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What did the War Powers Act do? |
Requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action. The president can only send combat troops into battle or into areas where "imminent" hostilities are likely , for 90 days without either without either a declaration of war by Congress or a specific Congressional mandate |
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What was the main economic problem Nixon faced in 1969? |
Inflation |
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What did Nixon do to lessen the effects of inflation? (2) |
- Implemented a 90 day price and wage freeze - Proposed a "minimum income" |
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What did Nixon's New Federalism do? (2) |
- Directed money and power from the fedl govt to states and cities - To maintain southern support, he will appoint 4 conservative "strict constructionist" justices to the SC (this will reserve the trends of the liberal of the liberal Warren Court |
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