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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Visual Form Agnosia
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Inability to describe entire objects. Only able to name parts and pieces
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Bottom-Up Processing
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Based on incoming stimuli information
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Top-Down Processing
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Based on previous knowledge
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Psychophysics (PP)
-between what? -example |
Stimuli-Perception
Measure descriptions given to presented stimuli |
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Psychophysical (PH1)
-between what? -example |
Stimuli-Physiological Response
Brain/Electrical Activity during stimuli presentation |
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Psychophysical (PH2)
-between what? -example |
Perception-Physiological Response
Brain/Electrical Activity during description/responses |
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Guy associated with Classical Psychophysical Methods
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Fechner
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Absolute Threshold
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Intensity level of stimuli that allows for detection 50% of the time
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Weber's Law
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DL / S=K
DL= Difference Threshold (smallest amount that can be added for a JND) S= Value of Standard Stimuli |
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Response Compression
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Perceived intensity increase is less than actual intensity increase
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Response Expansion
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Perceived intensity increase is greater than actual intensity increase
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Steven's Power Law
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P = KS ^ n
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Goal Driven Search
-uses what processing? -consists of what kind of searching? |
top-down processing
looking for a specific object |
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Visual Search
-uses what processing? -consists of what kind of searching? |
bottom-up processing
looking for a different object among many |
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Aristotle
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Heart
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Galen
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Spirits and Ventricles
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Descartes
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Pineal Gland
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Willis
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Different areas of the brain for different, specific functions
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Johannes Mueller
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Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
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Doctrine of specific nerve energies
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our perceptions are based off of electrical nerve signals
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Adrian
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Ability to record signals from individual neurons
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Reticular Theory
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Nervous system consists of network of fused nerve cells
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Neuron Theory
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Nervous system consists of distinct elements/cells TRUE THEORY
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Modular Organization
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specific functions are carried out in specific areas of the brain
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Ion OUTSIDE neuron in resting state
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Sodium - Na+
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Ion INSIDE neuron in resting state
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Potassium - K+
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Propagated Response
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Means that action potentials travels all the way down axons without changing in size
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Excitatory Neurotransmitters
-cause? -causes neuron to become more +/-? |
Causes depolarization
Neuron becomes more + |
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Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
-cause? -causes neuron to become more +/-? |
Causes hyperpolarization
neuron becomes more - |
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Grandmother Cells
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Neurons that respond ONLY to a specific stimulus
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Specificity Coding
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Representation of objects is by firing of a neuron that responds ONLY to that object
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Distributed Coding
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Representation of objects is by firing of a LARGE GROUP of neurons in a certain patter
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Sparse Coding
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Representation of objects is by firing of a SMALL GROUP of neurons that all respond to that stimuli
**ACTUAL |
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What is McRoberts maneuver doing to the pelvis?
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The procedure causes straightening of the sacrum relative to the lumbar vertebrae, rotation of the symphysis pubis toward the maternal head, and a decrease in the angle of the pelvic inclination
IT DOES NOT INCREASE PELVIC DIMENSIONS (Wms22-515) |
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3 Layers of the Eye
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Fibrous Tunic
Vascular Tunic Retina |
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Cornea - Lens
each account for what % of focusing |
Cornea - 80%
Lens - 20% |
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Near Point
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The closest distance that your eyes can bring something into focus still
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Presbyopia
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Near point distance increases with old age
You cant focus on things as close to your eyes as before |
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Myopia
focus point falls where? |
Nearsightedness (Good near sight)
focus point falls in front of retina |
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Refractive Myopia
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caused by the cornea/lens bending light too much
puts the focus point in front of the retina |
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Axial Myopia
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caused by the eyeball being too long
puts the focus point in front of the retina |
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LASIK surgery
-treats what? -how does it treat it |
Treats myopia
Shapes the cornea |
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Far Point
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Furthest away an object can be and still be in focus
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Hyperopia
focus point falls where? |
Farsightedness
focus point falls behind retina |
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Isomerization
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When a photon of light hits retinal and changes it shape, bending it away from opsin, starting transduction
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Hecht's Transduction Experiment
consisted of? conclusions? |
shining light that he could measure the photons of into an eye to determine absolute threshold for seeing light
100 photons need to be shone only 7 of which get to retinal |
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Enzyme Cascade
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How only activating 1 retinal sets off a chain reaction activating neighboring ones.
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Macular Degeneration
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Destroys Fovea
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Retinitis Pigmentosa
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Ruins Peripheral
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Rod-Cone Break Point
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The point where the sensitivity of the rods surpass the sensitivity of the cones during dark adaptation
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Detached Retina
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Inability to regenerate pigments
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Spectral Sensitivity
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Sensitivity at different wavelengths
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Purkinje Shift
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shorter wavelengths of light (blues and greens) are clearer at night
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Amacrine Cells
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Connect Bipolar Cells to Ganglion Cells
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Horizontal Cells
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Connect Receptors to Bipolar Cells
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How many Rods converge on a single ganglion cell?
means.... |
120
better sensitivity |
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How many Cones converge on a single ganglion cell?
means.... |
6
better acuity |
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Ommatidia
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eyes of horseshoe crabs
contain a single lens with a single receptor |
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White's Illusion
what does it look like? what explains it? |
Horizontal black bars with lighter, same colored rectangles over them
Belongingness |
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PSE - Point of Subjective Equality
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Point where an observer considers two objects to be identical.
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Superior Colliculus
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Involved with physical eye movements
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Striate Cortex
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Primary visual receiving area in the Occipital Lobe
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Retinotopic Map
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Each place on the retina corresponds to a specific spot on the LGN
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How many layers does the LGN have?
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6
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Complex Cells
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Respond to lines of certain orientations moving in certain directions
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End-Stopped Cells
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Respond to lines of certain lengths or angles moving in certain directions
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Selective Adaptation
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If a feature detector continues to fire at a high rate for a specific stimulus for long periods of time it will fire LESS the next time it is presented the stimulus
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Grating Stimuli
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alternating black/white lines in different orientations.
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Contrast Threshold
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The closest the gratings can be to the same contrast and still be distinguishable as individual bars
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Blakemore and Cooper Experiment
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Kittens
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Images that are close in the environment are also close in the _______
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striate cortex
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Cortical Magnification Factor
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Even though the fovea only takes up 0.01% of the retina, it takes of 10% of the striate cortex
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Hemodynamic Response
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When there is massive metabolic activity on a PET scan
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