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372 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who advanced the pharmacist’s role in the Public Health Services?
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George Archambault
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Who was an outspoken advocate for civil rights?
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Linwood Tice
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What was formed in 1946, as a result of the Nuremberg Trials?
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The 10 rules to protect human rights
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What are the 3 principles of the Belmont Report?
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Respect for persons, Beneficence, and Justice
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What is “The Newspaper Test” in how you make a decision?
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It’s a way for you to think about how your decision would look on the front page of the newspaper.
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The publishing of "The Principles of Biomedical Ethics" included the Belmont principles of ethics plus which principle?
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Nonmaleficence
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Who was the first woman pharmacy graduate from the University of Maryland SOP?
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
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The Romans adopted Greek thoughts and practices on medicine, but what was the Romans' contribution to create more organization in the pharmacy practice?
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Specialization
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Did early “pharmacists” have formal medical training?
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No
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Define "unguentarii"?
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Specialists in the manufacture of ointments and salves
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Who were among the first to set down in writing a code of ethics in the 13th century?
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Arab pharmacists
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Why was the first school of pharmacy formed in 1821?
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To protect the public and advocate for the profession
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What replaced the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 to address issues of safety?
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Food Drug and Cosmetic Act 1938
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Before tablets were formed, how did we manufacture unit dosages?
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Through powder papers
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What trend do we see in the amount of seniors in the US?
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An increasing amount of seniors
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Which age range is likely to take 5 or more drugs at a time?
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Those who are 60 and over
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Which country has the greatest amount of overall healthcare costs?
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US
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Who emphasized the idea of “Pharmaceutical Care”?
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Donald Crum Brodie
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Which state was the first to replace the traditional pharmacy internship with an academic professional experience program?
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Maryland
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Who was the first to develop the patient medication profile system?
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Eugene White
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What is one unique contribution Dr. B. Olive Cole made to pharmacy practice?
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Proponent for women in pharmacy
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What is one unique contribution George Archambault made to pharmacy practice?
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Pushed for pharmacists to be allowed to counsel patients on dispensed prescription OR created standards in hospital and clinical pharmacy services
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What is one unique contribution Donald Crum Brodie made to pharmacy practice?
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Redefined pharmacy curriculum, established the 6-year doctor of pharmacy degree program
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What 1979 report laid out principles and guidelines to protect human subjects in research?
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Belmont Report
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What was the infamous clinical study which led to the establishment of the 1979 Belmont Report?
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Tuskegee Syphilis Study
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Which of the three major ethical principles of the Belmont Report does the Tuskegee Syphilis Study violate?
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Violates all three. Participants were not aware they were being denied life-saving treatment (Respect for persons), often died because of their participation (Beneficence) and were targeted because they were poor and uneducated (Justice)
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In the Belmont Report, what does the ethical principle “Respect for Persons” call for?
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Research must protect the test subject’s right to autonomy and allow him the ability to make informed decisions for himself with knowledge of the facts and consequences. Researchers must be truthful.
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In the Belmont Report, what does the ethical principle “Beneficience” call for?
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Research must demonstrate the possibility of a good outcome and that the research is not just for curiosity’s sake. Study should aspire to maximize benefits for research and minimize risk to test subjects.
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What is the difference between Beneficence and Nonmaleficence?
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Beneficence involves doing good and promoting good. Nonmaleficence involves doing no harm and preventing harm.
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In the clinical context, what should be the main driving ethical principle of the four?
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Beneficence
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The phrase “to do good or to do no harm”, often credited to Hippocrates, encompasses which of the four major ethical principles?
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Beneficence (do good) and Nonmaleficence (do no harm).
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In specific patient cases in the clinical context, which of the four major ethical principles is least relevant?
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Justice (resources typically given to patients freely as needed, Justice more involved in policy)
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What does “veracity” mean?
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Being truthful and honest
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What does “fidelity” mean?
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Loyalty, upholding commitments, promises, relationships (confidentiality)
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What ethical theory judges the rightness/goodness of an act based on its consequences?
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Consequentialism (Utilitarian)
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What ethical theory judges the rightness/goodness of an act based on whether or not the person performing the act met his/her duties and obligations?
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Deontology (Duty-based)
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What ethical theory judges the rightness/goodness of an act based on whether the motives of the person performing the act were virtuous?
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Virtue Ethics
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What is the major weakness with Virtue Ethics?
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Motives are sometimes hard to fully perceive and multiple motives may come into play.
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What is ethics?
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The discipline of thinking through what is right and wrong.
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What are morals?
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The rules of conduct related to one’s judgments of right and wrong.
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What is theriaca?
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It was a universal antidote for many maladies and illnesses. In the late 1400's-18th century, it was heavily traded and many towns became known for their theriaca quality.
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Where and when was the first known pharmacy or shop run by an individual trained in medical preparations?
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Bagdad in 762 AD.
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Where and when was the first school of pharmacy created?
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Philadelphia in 1821.
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Who was the famous pharmacist who was a proponent for women in pharmacy?
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
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Who was known as the "Champion of Students?"
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Linwood Tice
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What were the Nuremberg Trials?
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World War II trials that revealed "medical experimentation" on human subjects in Nazi concentration camps.
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What are the five important values of ethics in medicine?
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Mutual respect, honesty, trustworthiness, compassion, and commitment to pursue shared goals.
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What are morals?
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Morals are rules of conduct related to one's judgments of right and wrong.
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What are the four primary ethical principles?
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Beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for persons/ autonomy principle, and justice.
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What is autonomy?
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Respecting each individual's values, perspectives and capacities; enabling others to act as self-determining agents.
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What is veracity?
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Being truthful and honest
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What is fidelity?
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upholding commitments, promises, relationships (e.g. confidentiality)
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Describe the ethical theory consequentialism (utilitarian)
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The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by its consequences
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Describe the ethical theory deontology (duty-based)
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The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by whether or not the person performing the act met his/her duties and obligations
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Describe the weakness of virtue ethics.
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It's impossible to see motive and just which virtues ought to come first.
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Who was known as "The First Lady of Pharmacy in Maryland?"
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
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Which famous pharmacist developed the community office practice of pharmacy concept?
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Eugene White
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Which famous pharmacist was an outspoken advocate for civil rights?
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Linwood Tice
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Which famous pharmacist was a charter member of ASCP?
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George Archambault
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What are the three core principles of the Belmont Report?
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Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
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Who is considered as the father of medicine?
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Hippocrates
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What does Pharmacotribae mean?
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People specialized on the grinding of medicinal plants and materiel.
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What were Pigmentarii in the Roman times?
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Cosmetic makers
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In the Roman times, how were the people that sold medicines called?
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Pharmacopolae
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What was Theriaca?
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A universal treatment made of up to 70 different ingredients
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What is a man (or woman) admired for his (or her) achievements and noble qualities called?
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A hero
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Who were the first pharmacists to write a code of ethics?
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Arab pharmacists
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What was the first school of pharmacy in the US called?
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Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
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Who is the Father of Consultant Pharmacy in the United States?
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George Archambault
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Who established the 6-year doctor of pharmacy degree?
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Donald Crum Brodie
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When was "The Food Drug and Cosmetic Act" written?
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1938
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Who is known as "The First Lady of Pharmacy in Maryland?
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
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What organization did Dr. Linwood Tice found in 1954?
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The Student American Pharmacists Association
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What are the two obligations of medical profession that are truly dedicated to the care of the sick?
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Relief of suffering and cure of disease
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“The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by its consequences” is what type of ethical theory?
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Utilitarian Theory
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Which state of disease is defined as an irreversible loss of consciousness, despite reflexive nerve and muscle activity?
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Persistent vegetative state
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What is the intent of Euthanasia?
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Its intent is to produce death to relieve suffering
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Relieving suffering by reducing a patient’s awareness is known as?
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Sedation
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What is a futile intervention?
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An intervention that is unlikely to be of any benefit to a particular patient in a particular medical situation
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What does MOLST stand for?
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Medical Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment
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Where was the first pharmacy school?
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In Philadelphia
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Why was the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 created?
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A pharmaceutical company used a toxic diluent (diethylene glycol) which resulted in 100+ deaths
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T/F: Early pharmacists had formal medical training
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FALSE
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Who is the "First Lady of Pharmacy in Maryland"?
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
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Who developed the professional pharmacy program at the University of Maryland?
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Francis Balassone
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What are ethics?
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The framework to resolve questions about what ought to be done
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What is the law?
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Rules of a society designed to be enforced
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Define "deontology"
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Having difficulty knowing all the duty one has, and when one does, one finds many often conflict
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Who encouraged direct patient-pharmacist contact for prescription dispensing?
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George Archambault
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What was Linwood Tice's nickname?
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"Champion of Students"
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Who founded what is currently known as APhA-ASP?
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Linwood Tice
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What led to the establishment of the 1979 Belmont Report?
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Tuskegee Syphilis Study
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Who were responsible for grinding medicinal plants and material?
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Pharmacotribae
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When was the first pharmacy school founded?
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In 1821
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What are values?
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Desires and beliefs
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What are morals?
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Rules of conduct related to one's judgement of right and wrong
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What are ethics?
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The disciplines of thinking through what is right and wrong
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When was ASHP created?
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In 1942
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Who helped found medicine with Hippocrates?
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Galen
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What were the Nuremberg Trials?
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World War II trials that revealed medical experimentation on human subjects in Nazi concentration camps
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Who modified ethics laws to allow pharmacists to practice as health care professionals?
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Eugene White
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What country has the highest overall healthcare costs?
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United States
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What technology app is able to share patient information?
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BlueButton
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Who is considered the father of pharmaceutics?
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Shen-nung, a Chinese god-emperor
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Who is the inventor of science and medicine?
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Thoth, a god and physican
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Who is considered the father of medicine?
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Hippocrates
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What group brought more organization and rule-based practice to medicine?
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The Romans
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In Roman times, what is the name for specialists who manufactured ointments and salves?
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Unguentarii
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In Roman times, what is the name for those who sold medicinals?
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Pharmacopolae
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Which two individuals' writings and teachings, respectively, influenced medical practice?
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Galen and Hippocrates
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Where and when was the first pharmacy shop run by an individual trained in medical preparation?
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Baghdad in 762
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In what era were the first set of ethics code written?
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During the Arabian influence from 700 AD - 1400 AD
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When was alchemy most prevalent?
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During the Middle Ages
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What skill did pharmacists have to learn during the production age?
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How to mask the bitter taste of medicine.
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What is the name of the 1st school of pharmacy?
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Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (now University of the Sciences)
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What were patent medicines made of in the late 1800s to early 1900s?
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ethanol, opium, or heroin
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Who was known as the "Champion of Students"?
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Linwood Tice
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|
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Who established the 6-year doctor of pharmacy degree?
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Donald Crum Brodie
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What 3 clinical services did Donald Crum Brodie help to develop?
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unit-dose dispensiing, drug information services, and pharmacy consultation services
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Who collaborated with the School of Pharmacy to develop the professional pharmacy program at UMB?
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Francis Balassone
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Doing good and promoting good illustrates which of the 4 primary ethical principles?
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Beneficence
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How many primary ethical principles are there?
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4
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Respecting each individual’s values, perspectives and capacities, and enabling others to act as self-determining agents describes what concept?
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autonomy
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Upholding commitments, promises, relationships (e.g., confidentiality) describes which second order principle?
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fidelity
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Being truthful and honest describes which second order principle?
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veracity
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Which ethical theory is described by the following: "The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by whether or not the person performing the act meets his/her duties and obligations."?
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Deontology
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What term describes rules of conduct related to one’s judgments of right and wrong?
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morality
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_____ describes the discipline of thinking through what is right and wrong.
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Ethics
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Doing no harm and/or preventing harm describes which of the 4 primary ethical principles?
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Nonmaleficence
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"Which of the 4 primary ethical principles describes having a fair distribution of goods or the fair distribution of benefits and burdens?"
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Justice
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Which World War II trials revealed the ongoing medical experimentation that had happened in Nazi concentration camps?
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Nuremberg Trials
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Which historical figure (considered the "father of medicine") used a rational and empirical approach to medicine?
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Hippocrates
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This term describes Roman people who, historically, specialized in the grinding of medicinal plants and material?
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Pharmacotribae
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In Roman times, this term described those people who sold medicinals.
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Pharmacopolae
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____ refers to the people who were cosmetic makers during Roman times.
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Pigmentarii
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In Roman times, the ______ were people who specialized in the manufacture of ointments and salves.
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Unguentarii
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What was used as a universal antidote (as well as treatment for all sorts) of maladies and illnesses?
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theriaca
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What term described a mixture of up to 70 different ingredients that was originally used as an antidote to animal bites?
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theriaca
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Where was the first known pharmacy (or shop run by an individual trained in medical preparations) located?
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Baghdad
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Where was the first school of pharmacy located in the United States?
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Philadelphia
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What term is used to refer to those who exposed the practices of patent medicines, and ultimately led to public demand for laws and accountability?
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Muckrakers
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Who is the father of medicine?
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Hippocrates
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Who was physician that lived in Turkey and helped influence medical practice?
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Galen
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Where was the first school of pharmacy?
|
Philadelphia
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|
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Who is The First Lady of Pharmacy in Maryland?
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
|
|
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Who is the Father of Consultant Pharmacy?
|
George Archambault
|
|
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Who was responsible for establishing the 6 year doctor of pharmacy degree?
|
Donald Crum Brodie
|
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What is the "The Tell Your Mom Test"?
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Ask yourself "Would your mom be proud of you for your decision?"
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What is the "The Newspaper Test"?
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Ask yourself "How would this look on the front page of your town's newspaper?"
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What is clinical ethics?
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An approach to help clinicians in identifying, analyzing, and resolving ethical issues in clinical medicine.
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What is the definition of ethics?
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Ethics is the discipline of thinking through what is right and wrong
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What are the four primary ethical principles?
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Beneficene, Nonmaleficence, Respect for persons, and Justice.
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What does the Autonomy principle consist of?
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Respecting each individual's values and perspectives. Also includes the new concept of infomred consent.
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What are the second order principles in Ethics?
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Veracity, Fidelity, and others including Liberty, opportunity, and reciprocity.
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Which principle includes upholding commiments, promises, and relationships?
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Fidelity
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What does the Ethical Theory of Consequentialism state?
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"The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by its consequences"
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Which Ethical theory states: "The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by weather or not the motives of the person performing the act were virtuous." ?
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Virtue Ethics
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What is the weakness of the Deontology theory?
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"It's hard to know all the druties one has, and when one does, one finds many often conflict."
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What is the weakness of the Virtue Ethics theory?
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"It's impossible to see motive, and just which virtues ought to come first?"
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What is the first step in the Ethical Analysis Algorithm?
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Figure out who the intrested parties are in the case.
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Who is known as the "Champion of Students"?
|
Linwood Tice
|
|
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What was the main purpose of the Hippocratic Oath?
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A promise from healthcare professionals to protect patients
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What are the four primary ethical principles?
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Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Respect for persons/Autonomy, Justice
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What provides a framework to resolve questions about what should be done?
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Ethics
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When is a patient’s condition labeled as “terminal condition”?
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"When the patient’s condition is incurable which makes death “imminent”"
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How does Medicare define the word “imminent” when explaining terminal condition?
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As of 6 months
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What are the twin obligations of a medical profession?
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Relief of suffering and the cure of disease
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What is the goal of assisted suicide and who is the agent?
|
The goal is to produce death to relieve suffering and the agent is the patient
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What is “futile intervention?”
|
When intervention is unlikely to be of any benefit to a particular patient in a particular medical situation, and will not achieve the patient’s intended goals
|
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What does DNR stand for?
|
Do Not Resuscitate
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|
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Who is considered the “father of medicine?"
|
Hippocrates
|
|
|
Who brought more organization and rule based practice (specialization)?
|
The Romans
|
|
|
In the Roman times, who were the “Pigmentarii?"
|
Cosmetic Makers
|
|
|
What was “Theriaca” initially used for?
|
Antidote to animal bites
|
|
|
What act replaced the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?
|
Food Drug and Cosmetic Act 1938
|
|
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At what century did the pharmacy degree switch from a 4 year baccalaureate degree to doctor of pharmacy degree?
|
20th Century
|
|
|
Why was the first school of pharmacy created in 1821?
|
To protect the public and advocate for the profession
|
|
|
What did Dr. Cole specialize in?
|
Pharmaceutical Law
|
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Who served as the “ Medicare pharmacy planning consultant to the Division of Medical Care Administration of PHS”?
|
George Archambault
|
|
|
Who established the 6-year doctor of pharmacy degree?
|
Donald Crum Brodie
|
|
|
Who created the Student American Pharmaceutical Association (SAPhA) in 1954?
|
Linwood Tice
|
|
|
What does AND stand for?
|
Allow Natural Death
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As societies became more developed, the Romans adopted who’s practices and principles on medicine and how did the Romans improve on it?
|
The Romans adopted the Greek principles and utilized their skills to make practice more organization and rule based.
|
|
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Ethics contains important principles health professionals, including pharmacist, use every day in practice. Who were the first to write down a code of ethics? When was it written?
|
In the 13th century (1400s), the Arab pharmacists wrote a code of ethics.
|
|
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Patent medicine manufacturing and sales increased during the late 1800s to early 1900s. Who was getting marketed for this type of medication? And, name one negative impact of marketing to these individuals?
|
Patent medicine was marketed to families and children. They contained heroin, opium, and ethanol which used on children can have adverse effects.
|
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With the enactment of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 , which was an expansion a previous , what was the reasoning for the federal government’s involvement in?
|
To uphold the society's demands to create safety laws and accountability on drug manufacturing, sale, and transportations to prevent any misleading information.
|
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Who was the individual who developed pharmaceutical clinical care and services?
|
Donald Crum Brodie
|
|
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Eugene White advocated for expansion of a pharmacist’s role as a health professional, what were the limitations of pharmacist prior to Eugene White’s advocacy?
|
Pharmacists had a smaller scope of practice. They could not discuss with patients about their prescriptions and its therapeutic effects.
|
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Linwood Tice helped advance many areas in pharmacy by being outspoken and an advocate for what two groups of people in society. Name those groups.
|
Students and Civil Rights/ Ethnic Discrimination
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Under Medicare, when is a terminal condition, also known as an incurable condition, considered “imminent” death?
|
6 months
|
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What are the four primary ethical principles?
|
Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Autonomy/respect for individual, and Justice
|
|
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What is end-stage condition?
|
End-stage condition is an irreversible condition due to advanced injury, illness, or disease. The deterioration effect on the body is severe and it has no medically effective treatment plan.
|
|
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Who was known as the father of medicine?
|
Hippocrates
|
|
|
When and where was the first school of pharmacy created?
|
Philadelphia, in 1821
|
|
|
In what year was ASHP created?
|
1942
|
|
|
When did clinical pharmacy emerge?
|
In the 1950s-1960s
|
|
|
After which incident was the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 introduced?
|
When a pharmaceutical manufacturer created an antibiotic for children that contained diethylene glycol, a toxic diluent that caused over 100 deaths.
|
|
|
Who was deemed "the First Lady of Pharmacy in Maryland"?
|
Dr. B. Olive Cole
|
|
|
Who was the "Father of Consultant Pharmacy?"
|
George Archambault
|
|
|
Who was instrumental in developing unit-dose dispensing, drug information services, and pharmacy consultation services for clinical pharmacy?
|
Donald Crum Brodie
|
|
|
What is the definition of morals?
|
Rules of conduct related to one's judgements of right or wrong.
|
|
|
What is the definition of ethics?
|
The discipline of thinking through what is right and wrong.
|
|
|
What are the four primary ethical principles?
|
Beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for persons/autonomy principle, and justice.
|
|
|
What is beneficence?
|
Doing good and promoting good
|
|
|
What is the term for doing no harm and preventing harm?
|
Nonmaleficence.
|
|
|
What is autonomy?
|
Respecting each individual's values, perspectives and capacities, and enabling others to act as self-determining agents.
|
|
|
What is the definition of terminal condition?
|
An incurable condition that makes death "imminent".
|
|
|
What is the definition of persistent vegetative state?
|
An irreversible loss of consciousness, despite reflexive nerve and muscle activity.
|
|
|
What does DNR stand for?
|
Do not resuscitate
|
|
|
What is deontology (duty-based) ethical theory?
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The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by whether or not the person performing the act met his/her duties and obligations.
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What is virtue ethics?
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The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by whether or not the motives of the person performing the act were virtuous
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What does AND stand for?
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Allow natural death
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What are the four clashing ethical principles in order of severity?
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1.Ethical component. 2. Ethical issue. 3. Ethical problem. 4. Ethical dilemma
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What are the second order principles mentioned in the ethics slides?
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the second order principles are Veracity, Fidelity, Liberty, Opportunity, Reciprocity.
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What is beneficence?
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It is doing good or promoting good.
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What is Nonmalficence?
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It is doing no harm or preventing harm.
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Why is ethics necessary?
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Ethics provides us with a framework to resolve questions about what ought to be done in certain circumstances.
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How are values determined?
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Values are determined by the desires and beliefs of the individual/society.
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What are morals?
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Rules of conduct related to one's judgement of right and wrong.
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What are the four primary ethical principles discussed in class?
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1. Beneficence 2. Nonmalficence 3. Respect for persons 4. Justice
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What is consequentialism?
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The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by its consequences.
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What is a weakness of consequentialism?
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It is hard to determine consequences of an action.
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What is Deontology?
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The goodness or rightness of an act is determined by whether or not the person doing the act fulfilled his obligations or duties.
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What is a weakness of deontology?
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Duties can and often conflict.
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What is Virtue Ethics?
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The goodness or rightness of an act is determined on whether or not the motives of the person doing the act were virtuous
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What is a weakness of virtues ethics?
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It is hard to determine the motives of others. It is also hard to determine which motives come first.
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Who is Dr. B. Olive Cole?
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She is "The First Lady of Pharmacy in Maryland."
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What is Dr. George Archambault known as?
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Dr. Archambault is known as "The Father of Consultant Pharmacy."
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What is Dr. Donald Crum Brodie known for?
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Dr. Donald Crum Brodie is known for redefining the pharmacy cirriculum into a 6 year doctor of pharmacy. Defined "Pharmaceutical Care."
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What is Dr. Francis Balassone Known for?
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He is known for establishing the Professional pharmacy program at the University of Maryland.
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What changes did Eugene White make to pharmaceutical laws?
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Eugene White change the law so that Pharmacist could counsel patients on there drug regime and what safety precautions to look out for.
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Who is Dr. Linwood Tice?
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Known as "Champion of Students." He was also an outspoken supporter of civil rights for people within pharmacy. Founder of APhA.
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Who is considered the father of medecine?
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Hippocrates
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What was the main impact of specialization in medecine in the Roman era?
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Physicians were less focused on gathering materials for medecines and more focused on knowledge of disease. This also helped lead to the creation of Pharmacists as we know them.
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When and where was the first known pharmacy with trained professionals?
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762 A.D. in Bagdad
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When did formal education of pharmacists develop?
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The 9th century A.D.
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Define Secundum Artem
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according to the art / according to the accepted practice
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When and where was the first school of pharmacy located?
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1821, Philadelphia
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What were the goals of the first school of pharmacy?
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1. "To protect the public" 2. To advocate for the profession 3. To establish and formalize professional and ethical standards of practice
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The use of diethylene glycol in an antibiotic resulted in what law being passed?
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Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
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Quinlan and Cruzan both deal with what ethical concept?
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End of life ethics, specifically the removal of life support
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Name the 3 ethical principles layed out by the Belmont Report (1979).
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1. Respect for Persons 2. Beneficence 3. Justice
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What are the 4 principles of modorn clinical ethics?
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(3 from Belmont) 1. Respect for Persons 2. Beneficence 3. Justice 4. Nonmaleficence
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What is clinical ethics?
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An approach to assist clinicians in identifying, analyzing and resolving ethical issues in clinical medicine
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What was the main eithcs topic of the 1960's?
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The main topic was how to ethically distribute limited resources
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Who was the first female dean of the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy?
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
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Who advocated for direct patient-pharmacist contact and advanced the pharmacist's role in the Public Health Service?
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George Archambault
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Who helped redefine the pharmacy curriculum after discovering the majority of what pharmacists dispensed was no longer compounded?
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Donald Crum Brodie
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Who helped modify ethics laws to allow pharmacists to practice as health care professionals?
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Eugene White
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Who is known as the "Champion of Students"?
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Linwood Tice
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What pharmacist is thought to have been involved with the Manhattan Project?
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Donald Crum Brodie
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Which of the pharmacists that we covered was an outspoken advocate for Civil Rights?
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Linwood Tice
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What are the Four Primary Ethical Principles?
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1.Beneficence 2. Non-maleficence 3.Autonomy 4.Justice
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What does the principle of beneficence state?
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The principle of beneficence states the requirement to do well for others and promote good for others.
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What does the principle of non-maleficence state?
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The principle of non-maleficence states the requirement not to do harm to others and to prevent harm that is being done by others.
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What does the principle of autonomy state?
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The principle of autonomy states the requirement to respect a person’s individual values, perspectives and capacities.
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What does the principle of justice state?
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The principle of justice states the requirement for the fair distribution of goods.
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What are the two main principles of the Second Order Principles?
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The first is veracity which means being truthful and honest. The second is fidelity means to uphold ones commitments, promises and relationships.
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What are the degrees of severity for clashing principles in ethics?
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The first degree is ethical component. The second is the ethical issue. The third is the ethical problem. The fourth and final one is the ethical dilemma.
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What does the ethical theory of consequentialism mean?
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The ethical theory of consequentialism is that the goodness or rightness of an act is determined by its consequences.
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What does the ethical theory of deontology mean?
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The ethical theory of deontology is that the goodness or rightness of an act is determined by whether or not the person performing the act met his\ her duties and obligations.
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What does the ethical theory of virtue mean?
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The ethical theory of virtue is that the goodness or rightness of an act is determined by whether or not the motives of the person performing the act were virtuous.
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List some of the trends that have affected pharmacy practice and will continue to affect pharmacy practice?
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1. Growth of the amount of seniors in the population.2. The rising cost of medication. 3. The increase of multiple medications for individuals over the age of sixty. 4. The overall rise in healthcare cost.
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What are important demographic factors that currently influence healthcare delivery and their role in pharmacy practice?
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The advancement of technology with regards to automated dispensing machinery.
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What is the Principle of Double Effect?
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The principle of double effect states that actions which lead to morally good effects are allowed despite them producing morally bad effects. If and only if the good effect was intended.
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What are the four conditions that must be met in order to apply the Principle of Double Effect?
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The first condition is that the action itself must be good or indifferent. The second condition is that a physician intends the good effect. The third condition is that the good effect must not occur via the bad effect. The fourth and final condition is that the good effect must out weight the bad effect.
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Define Terminal in the context of end of life.
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Terminal is a condition which is incurable that makes death imminent.
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Define Persistent Vegetative State.
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A condition in which a patient experiences an irreversible loss of consciousness, despite having reflexive nerve and muscle activity.
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Define End Stage Condition.
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An end stage condition is an advanced, progressive, irreversible condition caused by injury, disease or illness.
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Based on the previous condition of end of life, in what state would you classify on who is living with dementia?
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A person living with dementia is classified as being in the end stage condition as oppose to the terminal state because he\she can live for a couple of years with this illness.
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What was the first school of pharmacy created
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Philadelphia College of Pharmacy created in 1821 in Philadelphia ( Known now as University of the Sciences)
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What health act in the state of Maryland allows a doctor to refuse to provide care that is medically ineffective?
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Maryland Healthcare Decision Act 1993
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What method of treatment was advocated by Galen as a universal treatment?
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Theriaca
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What is the first school of pharmacy?
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Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
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"Whatis the name of the Chinese god-emperor who is considered the father of pharmaceutics?"
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Shen-nung
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Who is the first woman that graduated from a pharmacy school?
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
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Who established the 6-year doctor of pharmacy degree?
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Donald Crum Brodie
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"Who was the pharmacist that spoke out against racial discrimination for pharmacists and pharmacy organizations?"
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Linwood Tice
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Who was a charter member of ASCP and known as the “Father of Consultant Pharmacy”?
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George Archambault
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What are four primary ethical principles?
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Beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice
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What is veracity?
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Being truthful and honeset
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What is fidelity?
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Upholding commitments, promises, relationships
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What are three types of ethical theories?
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Consequentialism (Utilitarian), Deontology (Duty-based), Virtue Ethics
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What are the weaknesses of Consequentialism (Utilitarian)?
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Predicting consequences is difficult and maximizing the good can hinder the rights of others
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What are the weaknesses of Enontology (Duty-based theory)?
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It is hard to know all the duties someone has and there are many conflicts within those duties
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What is the weakness of Virtue Ethics?
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Motive is not something that is physically seen.
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When was the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) passed?
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1990
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What is the definition of terminal condition?
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Incurable conditions that makes death imminent
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What is the definition of end-stage condition?
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Advanced, progressive, irreversible conditions which does not make death imminent
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What is the definition of persistent vegetative state?
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An irreversible loss of consciousness with some reflexive nerve and muscle activity
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What are the chances CPR would benefit patients with advanced disease?
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0% to 5%
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What does DNR stand for?
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Do not resuscitate.
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Who is considered the father of medicine?
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Hippocrates
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The Roman Empire adopted what culture's views on medicine, but brought more organization, allowing further development and practice specialization?
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Greek culture
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What mixture of up to 70 ingredients was advocated by Galen as a universal treatment?
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Theriaca
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In 762, the first known pharmacy run by someone trained in medical preparations was established in what city?
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Baghdad
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What is the name of the pseudoscience whose tools were adopted for the preparation of medicines during the middle ages?
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Alchemy
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What Latin term means "according to the art" or "according to the accepted practice?"
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Secundum artem
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The first school of pharmacy was established in what U.S. city in 1821?
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Philadelphia
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Prior to the establishment of schools of pharmacy, what was the system by which pharmacists learned their profession?
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Apprenticeship
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Who was known as "The First Lady of Pharmacy in Maryland?"
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
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Who was the "Father of Consultant Pharmacy" who served as Medicare pharmacy planning consultant to the Public Health Service's Division of Medical Care Administration?
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George Archambault
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What pharmacist may have brought his knowledge of X-rays to the Manhattan Project?
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Donald Crum Brodie
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Pharmacists were unable to discuss the effects of treatment with patients prior to what individual's innovations?
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Eugene White
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Who was the "Champion of Students" who founded the Student American Pharmaceutical Association in 1954?
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Linwood Tice
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Powder papers were a predecessor to what familiar form of dispensing medications?
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Tablets
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What country has the highest health care costs as a percentage of GDP?
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United States
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Blue Button is a patient information sharing initiative of what federal entity?
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Veterans Administration
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Trials held in what city revealed Nazi atrocities in the name of "medical experimentation?"
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Nuremberg
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In now infamous research conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service in Tuskegee, Alabama, hundreds of poor black men suffering with what disease were denied penicillin?
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Syphilis
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The Quinlan and Cruzan cases dealt with ethical decision making in what situation?
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End of life
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The Jiminy Cricket test tells you to let what be your guide?
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Your conscience
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Who is considered the father of medicine?
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Hippocrates
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The first known pharmacy ran by an individual trained in medical preparations was in ________.
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Baghdad
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Who were among the first to set down a code of ethics in writing in the 13th century?
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Arab pharmacists
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Name the first school of pharmacy.
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Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
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Who was the first lady to graduate from UMSOP in 1913?
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Dr. B. Olive Cole
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Who is considered the “Father of Consultant Pharmacy”?
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George Archambault
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Who was known as the “Champion of Students”?
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Linwood Tice
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“Rules of conduct related to one’s judgments of right and wrong” is defined as:
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Morals
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Define ethics.
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The discipline of thinking through what is right and wrong.
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What are the four primary ethical principles?
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Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Respect for persons/Autonomy Principle, Justice
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Which of the four primary ethical principles involves “enabling others to act as self-determining agents”?
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Autonomy
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“Doing good; promoting good” is referred to as ____________.
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Beneficence
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Give two examples of Second Order Principles.
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Veracity and Fidelity
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Which ethical theory is defined as “the goodness or rightness of an act is determined by its consequences”?
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Consequentialism (Utilitarian)
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When was the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) passed by Congress?
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1990
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Define terminal condition.
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An incurable condition that makes death “imminent”.
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What is the intent of the Double Effect?
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To relieve symptoms
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How many conditions must be fulfilled before the “Principle of Double Effect” can take place?
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Four
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Physician Assisted Death is illegal in how many states?
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Forty-three
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What does the acronym MOLST stand for?
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Medical Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment
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What are morals?
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Rules of conduct related to one's judgement of right and wrong.
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What are ethics?
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The discipline of thinking through what is right and wrong.
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What are laws?
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Rules of a society designd to be enforced.
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What is justice?
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Fair distribution of benefits and burdens.
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What is beneficence?
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Doing and promoting good.
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What is Nonmaleficence?
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Doing no harm and/or preventing harm.
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What is veracity?
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Being truthful and honest.
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According to consequentialism the goodness of an act is determined by what?
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The consequences.
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What theory says that goodness is determined by whether or not the person met his obligations?
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Deontology
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What determines goodness from the perspective of virtue ethics?
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Whether the motives behind the act were virtuous.
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What is the weakness of consequentialism?
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Consequences are difficult or impossible to predict.
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What are the weaknesses of virtue ethics?
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It is impossible to see motives and to determine which virtues have priority.
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How many steps are in the ethical analysis algorithm?
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Eleven
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What is a terminal condition?
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An incurable condition that makes death immenent.
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Immenent is defined by Medicare to be how long?
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6 months
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What is Persistent Vegetative State?
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Irreversible loss of consciousness, despite reflexive nerve and muscle activity.
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What is End-Stage Condition?
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An advanced progressive, irreversible condition caused by injury disease or illness.
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Does death have to be immenent in End-Stage conditions?
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No
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What is the difference between Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
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The agent in Assisted Suicide is the patient but in Euthanasia the agent is another individual.
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When did pharmacists begin to write down a code ethics?
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The 13th century.
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Define Normaleficense?
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Doing no harm, preventing harm
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Define Autonomy?
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Respecting each individual's values, pespectives and capacities.
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What is defined as morals?
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Rules of conduct related to one's judgement of right or wrong.
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What did Romans do in terms of specialization of practice?
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The Romans adopted Greek thoughts& practices. In addition, they brought around more organization and more rule based practice.
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What do Pharmacotribae specialize in?
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They are people specialized in grinding of medicinal plants and materials.
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Who is considered to be the father of pharmacy?
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Shen-nung
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Who are the people that specialize in manufacture of ointments and salves?
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Unguentarii
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What is the name of the first school of Pharmacy?
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Philadephia college of Pharmacy
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Where was the very first pharmacy located?
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Bagdad
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When did recognition of Pharmacists as professionals started to form?
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Ninth Century
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What is defined as Theriaca?
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Mixture of upto 70 different ingredients that was originally used as an antidote to animal bites.
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Who is recognized as the father of medecine?
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Hippocrates
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How did Arabian influence the development of Pharmacy?
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Recognizing the need for professional training and behavior.
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Why did potent medecine lose popularity?
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Many of the products contained heroin, ethanol and opium. It had tragic effects when used on children.
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Define Veracity.
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Being truthful and honest.
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What was the major role of Pharmacists between 1400-1900?
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Formulation of syrups and juleps from plants extraction and other natural products.
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Which pharmacits were the very first ones to set down in writing a code of ethics?
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Arab pharmacists.
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.......... is doing good, promoting good.
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Beneficence
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What is consequentialism defined as?
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The goodness or the rightness of an act is defined by its consequences.
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What are some of the factors that may influence decision making?
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Emotions, religion, ethnicity and attitude.
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