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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is penology?
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The study of prisons and prison administration
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What is a prison?
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a state or federal confinement facility having custodial authority over adults sentences.
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What is a total institution?
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Prison
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Name 7 early prison punishments
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-doctrine of LEX TALIONIS
-Flogging -Mutilation -Branding -Public Humiliation -Workhouses -Transportation |
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What was the "law of retardation"?
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LEX TALIONIS
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What is historically, the most widely used of physical punishments?
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Flogging
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Which punishment is specific deterrence?
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mutilation
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Pillory, stocks, and dunking stools are an example of...
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public humiliation
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Name 3 features of workhouses
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-created for unemployment to instill habits of industry
-No specific skills -Only for vagrants, not criminals |
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Name 4 features of the transportation punishment
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-Banishment
-Provided captive labor force -Reduced use of corporal punishment -Hulks-floating prisons |
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In 2009, _______ men and women incarcerated in prisons.
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1,613,740
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U.S. incarcerates ___ to ___ times more citizens per capital.
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5 to 8
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What influenced the incarceration rate in 2009?
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the war on drugs
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In 2009, what was the incarceration rate?
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502/100,000
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In 1980, what was the incarceration rate?
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139/100,000
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In what time were communities small and close-knit?
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Colonial Era
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In what time was public humility a primary punishment?
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Colonial Era
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In what time used banishment is shame did not deter?
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Colonial Era
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In what time was banishment or execution used for serious offenses?
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Colonial Era
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What time used banishment, fines, or corporal punishment for repeat offenders?
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Colonial Era
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What time period used incarceration in jail until fines are paid?
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Colonial Era
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Describe the colonial Era
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• Communities small and close-knit
• Public humility primary punishment Stocks and pillory Whipping Dunking stool Ect. • Banishment if shame did not deter • Banishment or execution for serious offenses • Banishment, fines, or corporal punishment for repeat offenders. • Incarceration in jail until fines paid. |
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In what time period were the formation of cities?
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Late 1700's
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What time period had less cohesive communities?
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Late 1700's
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What time period had new forms of social control?
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Late 1700's
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What time period had congregate care facilities?
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Late 1700's
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What are 5 examples of congregate care facilities?
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-orphanages
-hospitals -Mental institutions -workhouses or poorhouses -houses of corrections |
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When was the Walnut Street jail built?
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1773
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Describe the late 1700's
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• Formation of cities
• Less cohesive communities • New forms of social control • Congregate care facilities -Orphanages -Hospitals -Mental institutions -Workhouses or poorhouses -Houses of corrections |
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What is notable about the Walnut Street Jail?
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• Built in 1773
• Large rooms • Prisoners housed together • Inhumane conditions • Quakers formed Philadelphia society for the alleviating the miseries of public prisons (Penn Prison Society) • New addition to jail built in 1790. (the first penitentiary built in U.S.) |
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What was the first penitentiary built in the U.S.?
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Walnut Street Jail
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Describe the penitentiary Era.
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Penitentiary Era (1790-1825)
• Concept developed by Penn Quakers • Alternative to corporal punishment • Penn style Solitary confinement Rehabilitation through penance Small yards Worked alone in cells Rule of silence • Eastern Pen opened in 1829- Cherry Hill • Western Pen opened in Pittsburg- 1826 • Both followed Philadelphia model. |
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What concept was developed by the Penn Quakers?
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Penitentiary Era
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What was an alternative to corporal punishment?
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Penitentiary Era
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Name 5 things about the Penn style
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Solitary confinement
rehabilitation through penance small yards worked alone in cells rule of silence |
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The Eastern Penn that opened in 1829 was called:
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Cherry Hill
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The Western Penn that opened in 1826 was where?
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Pittsburgh
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Both penns followed the...
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Philadelphia model
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When was the Mass Prison era?
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1825-1876
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What was important to note about the Mass Prison Era?
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-New York state prison at Auburn
-Smaller rooms -No separate exercise rooms -Aggregate feeding/labor -Rule of silence -Corporal punishment -Prisoners taught skills (responsibility/timeliness) |
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What prisons era used the rule of silence?
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Mass Prison Era
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What prison era used corporal punishment?
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Mass prison era
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What prison era taught prisoners skills? and what were they?
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Mass prison era, responsibility and timeliness
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Who was important during the reformatory period?
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-Alexander Maconochie and Sir Walter Crofton
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What did Alexander Maconochie do?
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Introduced the Mark System (a forerunner for indeterminate sentencing)
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Who created the Mark System?
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Alexander Maconochie
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What was a forerunner for indeterminate sentencing?
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the Mark System
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Which of these was not a characteristic of the New York State Prison at Auburn?
a. corporal punishment b. penance c. Rule of silence d. Aggregate labor |
b. penance
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What did Walter Crofton do?
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Graduated liberties
-solitary confinement and hard labor -hard labor on the outside -Work in community or public service projects -earned a "ticket to leave" |
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Who created graduated liberties?
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Sir Walter Crofton
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Name 4 characteristics of graduated liberties
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-Solitary confinement and hard labor
- hard labor on the outside -work on community or public service projects -earned a "ticket to leave" |
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What is important about the Elmira Reformatory?
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-Zebulon Brockway
-Military structure -Training v. Penitence -indeterminate sentencing and parole -younger first-time offenders -System in graded changes -High recidivism rates |
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What prison era was a military structure?
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Elmira Reformatory
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What prison era focused on training v. penitence?
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Elmira Reformatory
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What prison era had high recidivism rates?
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Elmira reformatory
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What prison era added indeterminate sentencing and parole?
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Elmira reformatory
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When was the Industrial prison era?
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1890-1935
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What is important to note about the Industrial Prison Era?
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-Alternative to reformatory
-South (work camps and chain gangs) -West (worked cattle) -North (prisons became factories, prisoners were assembly-line workers, produced goods for open market cheap labor source, taught to be good factory workers) |
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During the industrial prison era, where had work camps and chain gangs?
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the south
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During the Industrial prison era, where was cattle worked?
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west
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During the Industrial Prison era, what happened in the North?
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-Prisons became factories
-Prisoners were assembly-line workers -Produced goods for open market cheap labor source -taught to be good factory workers |
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Name six systems of inmate labor
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-contract system
-piece system -lease system -public account system -state use system -public works |
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In what system of inmate labor do inmates work inside the prison?
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Contract system
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In what system of inmate labor were prisoners paid by piece?
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Piece system
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In what system of inmate labor do prisoners work outside the prison and are supervised?
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Lease system
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In what system of inmate labor is entirely prison owned?
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Public Account System
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In what system of inmate labor are the goods and services that are produced benefit the state?
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State-Use system
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In what system of inmate labor builds roads and highways or picks up litter?
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Public works
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Under this system of inmate labor, private businesses paid for the rent of inmate labor. Companies provided the raw materials and supervised the production inside the prison.
a. Piece-price b. State-use c. Lease system d. Contract system |
d. contract system
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What required prison made goods to conform to regulations of state?
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Hawes-Cooper Act
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What prohibited interstate transportation of prison goods where state laws forbade them?
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Ashurst-Sumners Act
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Under which act does the state-use system survive?
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Ashurst-Sumners Act
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Under which act is UNICOR implemented?
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Ashurst-Sumners Act
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Under which act is the public works system implemented?
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Ashurst-Sumners Act
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What are the criticisms of UNICOR?
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inmates paid low wages
training irrelevant |
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What is UNICOR?
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Provides job skills training for inmates
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What are some characteristics of the punitive era? (6)
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-the big house
-large maximum security prison -Emphasis on security -Belief that prisoners owed debt to society -warehousing -lack of programs |
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When was the punitive era?
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1935-1945
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What prison era was also known as the big house?
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punitive era
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What prison era was emphasis on security?
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punitive era
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What prison era believed that prisoners owed a debt to society?
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punitive era
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When was the treatment era?
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1946-1976
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Name (7) characteristics of the treatment era
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-Medical model
-Most common approaches (individual treatment or group therapy) -Synanon -GGI -Neurosurgery (Frontal Lobotomy) -Aversion Therapy -Medical Model Attacked |
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When was community based format?
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1967-1980
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Name 3 characteristics of the community based format
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-Community rehabilitation
-Programs -Nothing works doctrine |
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Who created the "nothing works doctrine?"
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Robert Martinson
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Name three programs in the community based format
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-halfway houses
-Work release programs (housed in correctional facility, worked in the outside) -Open institutions (community welcomed) [educational programs] [conjugal visits] |
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When was warehousing prominent?
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1980-1990
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What are characteristics of warehousing?
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-high rates of recidivism
-get tough on crimes |
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When was overcrowding/ early release an issue?
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1990- NOW
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Name 4 characteristics of overcrowding/ early release
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-Drug-related offenses
-building programs can't keep pace -Texas operating under court-ordered mandate -Control strategies (more prisons, early release, mandatory diversion) |
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Name 3 control strategies under overcrowding/ early release
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More prisons
Early release Mandatory diversion |
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What was the previous motto of Texas Prisons?
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-Fear, force, leather
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Name 3 early Texas Prison punishments
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-Whipping
-Branding -Hanging |
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When did Texas join the humanitarian movement?
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1840's
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What were some characteristics of Texas Prisons in 1848-1861?
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-Mexican rule
-Republic of Texas -Neither could organize penal system: raise funds to construct a prison - Local sheriffs and juries dealt with offenders -1848: prison legislation -New penal code abolished corporal punishment |
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In 1848-1861, what did the new penal code that abolished corporal punishment do?
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Restricted the death penalty to:
-Murder -Treason -Breaking and entering -Inciting a slave rebellion |
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Where was the first Texas prison located?
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Huntsville
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Where was the 2nd Texas Prison located?
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.
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What is known as "the walls" unit?
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Huntsville prison
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Who was the first prisoner at the walls unit? and what were they in for?
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William Sansom
-9 month sentence for cattle rustling |
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In the walls unit, in 1850, had ____ guards and _____ prisoners.
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3, 10
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Who was the first female prisoner in the walls unit? what was she there for?
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Elizabeth Hofman for infanticide (killing her child) 1 year sentence
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In 1855, the walls unit total inmate population was ____.
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75
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In 1860, the walls unit total inmate population was_____.
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182
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Name 8 characteristics in the Civil war and the collapse of Civil Authority (1861-1871).
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-reduced inmate population
-others manufactured cloth for confederate army -Made uniforms, tents, ect. -Rest went to poor families or soliders, prison employees, ect. -Unable to supply confederacys demand -1864: Union troops overran LA, ArK, and MISS. -Huntsville prison took in convicts -Confederate Army surrendered in 1865. |
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Name 8 characteristics of the Aftermath of war
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-Collapse of Civil authority in Texas
-The Walls withstand a six-week seize -African-American inmates arrive -Prison population balloons -Markey for clothing mill collapsed -Contract system again: a fiasco -No state supervision -Many convicts escaped or killed/ wounded in attempt. |
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What happened at the constitutional convention in 1868?
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-prison investigation
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Name 7 findings of the 1868 Constitutional Convention?
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-Held 400; built for 200
-No classification system -Sanitation dismal -Most inmate idle -No functional dining hall, hospital, ect. -No book keeping -almost $80,000 in goods had gone missing. |
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When was the lease era?
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1871-1883
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Name 7 characteristics of the lease era
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-crisis point
-Decision: lease prison to outside management -Awarded 15 year lease to Ward, Dewey and Company -Immediate improvements to safety and sanitation -Old buildings replaced -Prisoners worked on rr construction -Inside: made cotton, wool garments |
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What was the treatment of prisoners after the civil war?
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-Remained the same
-Some died of preventable illness -Some shot, others committed suicide -Conditions reflected societal problems -Violent prisoners housed with petty offenders |
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How young was the youngest prisoner?
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7
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How old was the oldest prisoner?
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94
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What state led the nation in murders after the civil war?
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Texas
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What were characteristics of the new prison?
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-Ward-Dewey did not improve
-Contract terminated -Cunningham and Ellis, founded Imperial Sugar, awarded five year lease in 1878 -State mandated guidelines -3 man board of directors and supervisors appointed by governor -Good time Brutality continued -leasing system collapsed in 1883 |
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What happened between 1883 and 1909?
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Convict leasing and state-account farming
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What were 5 problems with prisons?
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-Huntsville and Rusk capacity problem
-No more revenue from outside work -Never considered building more prisons/ raising taxes -Hired out laborers -Mostly agricultural work |
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What was the solution to the prison problems?
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State Account farming
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What was state account farming?
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-state operates its own farms
-First was Wynne -Elderly and infirmed worked farm |
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When was the Harlem Sugar Plantation purchased?
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1886
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When was William Clemens Sugar Plantation purchased?
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1889
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When was Imperial Farm from Imperial Sugar purchased?
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1908
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When was the scandal and reform?
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1909-1911
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Name 3 characteristics of scandal and reform?
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-1906: progressive governor elected
-did not promise prison reform -1902 legislative investigation had uncovered problems |
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Name 3 problems that the legislative investigation uncovered in 1902
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-Life expectancy seven years for those who worked on farms
-Committee recommended abolition for convict leasing -1908 Chaplin went on San Antonio Express |
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Name 3 reasons for the seven years life expectancy for those who worked on farms
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-Grueling labor
-Unsanitary work conditions -Likelihood of |
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What happened in 1908-1909?
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San Antonio Express Reports
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What is the San Antonio Express Reports?
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Conditions were exposed
-Attack dogs -Whip -Inmates shot -Brutal punishment -Sexual assault |
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What conditions were exposed in the San Antonio Express Reports?
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-Attack dogs
-Whip -Inmates shot -Brutal punishment -Sexual assault |
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What happened in 1909?
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legislative investigation
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What was the Legislative Investigation in 1909?
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-Prisoners suffering
-Official abuse of power -Antiguated and haphazard management system Degrading and unsanitary condition at farms and camps -Prison inspectors seldom seen |
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What was one of the greatest scandals in Texas Politics?
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Legislative Investigation
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What is "antiquated and haphazard management system"?
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unable to ascertain financial state of system
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What is "degrading and unsanitary condition at farms and camps"?
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-one bath per week
-Wore same underwear, socks, ect. for weeks at time -Men covered with bruises and wounds -bedbugs and lice |
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Name 3 reforms from the summer of 1910
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-conflict leasing abolished
-creation of full time board commissioners -was to manage day-to-day operations at prison (financial matters, care and treatment of prisoners, supervision of all employees) |
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When was perpetual inquiry?
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1911-1927
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Who was elected governor in 1911?
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Oscar Colquitt
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Name 11 characteristics of the perpetual inquiry
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selected board of directors/ Purged prison of political appointees/ Ordered end of convict leasing/ All contracts terminated by 1912/ Ended whipping/ Implemented 10-hour work day/ New educational and rec programs/ Medical and dental care / Revised rulebook for guards/ Schedule for early release/ Use of the “bat” continued
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Name 4 effects of the reform
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-Severe strain on prison system (No more contract labor income,No more housing on contract farms)
-Legislature appropriated funding for system (Did not happen) -By 1915, system had debt of $425,000. -Back in headlines (Escape,Brawls) |
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How did prisons change during Governor Ferguson's term?
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-Traveled to Huntsville and work farms
-Listened to complaints of prisoners -Announced that he would consider pardon for inmates who worked hard -Reinstituted whipping and the bat -Carrot and stick approach worked -Within two years the prison was self-supporting -Ferguson kept his word to convicts about being pardoned -Governor was impeached in 1917(Charged with misapplication of public funds and failing to enforce state law /End to prison reform efforts, but some changes remained) |
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When was the reform and reaction?
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1927-1948
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Robert Baker Homes was appointed ....
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chairman of the Texas Prison Board
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Who was appointed as the boards secretary?
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Elizabeth Spencer
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Name two things the governor charged the board with
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-Implementing humane treatment and rehabilitation
-stopping prison system's financial drain on state |
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Who was hired as the first general management? and what did they do?
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W.H. Meade (fired guards suspected of brutality)
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In 1929, overcrowding led to..
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breakdown on discipline
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because of overcrowding, prisoners... (3 things)
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-staged hunger strikes
-threatened riots -brazen escapes from prison farms |
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What did Moody want?
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to shut down the walls... but it didn't happen
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In 2009, how many prisoners were in state and federal facilities?
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1,613,656
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In 2009, the number under state jurisdiction declined by...
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2,941 (0.2%)
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In 2009, the number under federal jurisdiction declined by...
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6,838 (3.4%)
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In 2009, ___ states reported increases in their prison population and ___ states reported decreases.
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26 (12,282)
24 (15,223) |
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In 2009, prison admissions were down____.
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2.5%
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In 2009, prison releases were up ___.
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2.2%
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In December of 2009, ______ females were under state or federal jurisdiction. ____% of the prison population.
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113,462
7% |
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In December of 2009, males imprisoned at a rate ___x higher than females.
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14
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Black males had ____ inmates per 100,000 US residents
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4,749
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Black females had ____ inmates per 100,000 US residents
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333
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Non US citizens accounted for _____ of inmates.
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4.1% (94,498)
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_______ inmates held in state custody were under the age of 18.
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2,778
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What are the highest incarceration rates for males in 2009?
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White: 35-39
Black: 30-34 Hispanic: 25-29 |
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What are the highest incarceration rates for females in 2009?
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White: 35-39
Black: 35-39 Hispanic: 35-39 |
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Between 2000-2005, the number of state and federal facilities_____.
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increased
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Between 2000-2005, the number of prisoners in custody_____.
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increased
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Between 2000-2005, the number of private facilities_____.
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increased
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define the term rated capacity
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maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by a rating official to institutions within the jurisdiction
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Name 3 names for high-security facilities
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super-max
maximum close |
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Name 4 characteristics of high security facilities
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o Wall or double-fenced perimeter
o Armed correctional guards stationed in tower or on patrol o Cell housing isolated from perimeter o All entry to or exit from cell block via trap gate or sallyport |
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Name 4 characteristics of medium security facilities
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o Single or double-faced perimeter
o Armed correctional officers in tower of on patrol o Housing units (Cells, Rooms, Dormatories) o Entry to or exit from cell housing via trap gate or sallyport |
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Name 3 characteristics of minimum or low-security facilities
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o Fenced or posted perimeter
o Cell housing units (Rooms or dormitories) o Entry and exit from housing units conducted by visual surveillance |
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In 2005, more than __ in 5 adult correctional facilities offered inmate work programs.
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4
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Michael Santos was held in the USP Atlanta facility for a number of years. What is the prison’s security level?
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high
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What crime was Michael convicted for?
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CCE (continuing criminal enterprise)
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What potential sentence did Michael face?
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life
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How did Michael’s initial attorney contribute to his conviction and sentence?
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.
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How did Michael Santos avoid being abused at USP Atlanta?
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.
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What does research show about determinate sentencing laws?
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• Research shows that determinate sentencing may actually reduce or hold incarceration rates in check
-No judicial discretion in altering sentence |
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What does research show about mandatory sentencing?
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-Not a cause of increased prison populations
-Between 1973 and 1989, a period of marked increases in prison populations, admissions per arrest increased for all types of offenses, not just those targeted by mandatory sentencing laws |
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What does research show about three strikes laws?
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-Has increased incarceration for offenses only slightly
-Impact on incarceration rates is debatable |
