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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
GI dysfunction: CM
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- failure to thrive
- regurgitation - n/v, diarrhea - ab pain, distension, GI bleeding - jaundice - dysphagia |
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formulas
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- supplies all nutrients needed by the infant for the first 6 months
- cow milk is not acceptable |
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solid foods
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- not recommended before 4-6 mos
- fruit juices not require in the first 6 mos - no honey in first 12 mos b/c of risk of botulism |
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the first 6 months
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- bottle fed infants should consume iron fortified formula
- all infants need 200 IU vitamin D in the first 2 months to prevent rickets |
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the second 6 months
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- human milk/formuls still primary nutrition
- iron fortified formula if not being breast fed - tooth eruption beinning and facilitates biting and chewing |
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cereal
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- iron fortified ceral
- can be mixed w/breast milk/formula - after 6 mos., can be mixed w/fruit juice - infant cereals can be continued until 18 mos |
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constipation
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- infancy: d/t poor diet
- childhood: d/t envrionmental change or control over body function - newborn: first meconium passed 24-36 hours |
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cleft lip & palate: incidence & etiology
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- boys > girls
- maternal smoking and ETOH, maternal folic acid deficiency |
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cleft lip & palate: management
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- constant swallowing indicates bleeding
- feeding issues - surgical correction: good nutrition, no infection, may need restraints, posiiton on back. rule of 10. 10w, hgb 10, 10 lbs. |
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cleft lip & palate: complications
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- bonding issues
- nutritional deficit - aspiration - speech problems - ear infections |
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pyloric stenosis: s/s
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- **projectile vomiting
- ** olive shaped mass in upper RQ |
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pyloric stenosis: management
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pyloromyotomy
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intussusception: s/s
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- **currant jelly stool
- **intermittent cramping - sudden onset of ab pain, cramping, inconsolable crying - emesis - rectal bleeding |
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intussusception: management
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- send parent home educated in case of re-occurance
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intussusception: complication
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-recurrence, parents need to know s/s
- adhesions if perforations |
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hirschsprung's disease: pathophysiology
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absence of ganglion cells in distal portion of intestine.
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hirschsprung's disease: s/s
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- **large stools, ribbon like
- FTT - constipation - n/v, bloated feeling - ab distention |
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hirschsprung's disease: management
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- depends on age
- temp colostomy to relieve distention. resection of affected tissue - pre op: well nourished, education for colostomy - post op: NPO w/NG tube until bowel sounds return |
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hirschsprung's disease: complications
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- anal stricture
- psychological d/t encopresis |
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diarrhea: etiology
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- infection of GI, upper respiratory or urinary tract
- medications - foods |
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diarrhea: pathophysiology
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- secretory diarrhea: bacterial entertoxins stimulate secretion of fluids
- cytotoxic diarrhea: decreased absorption of fluid/electrolytes - osmotic: fluid moves into intestine to dilute - dysenteric: edema, infiltration, bleeding compromise ability to absort nutrients, electrolytes |
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diarrhea: s/s
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- blood, mucosa, lquid
- dehydration and metabolic acidosis - malnutrition if prolonged |
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diarrhea: Tx
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- correct fluid/electrolyte imbalance, reestablish intake: oral rehydration first, IV fluids
- do not withhold foods |
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oral rehydration therapy
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salt 3/4 tsp
baking powder 1 tsp orange juice 1 cup water 1 quart |
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diarrhea: complications
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dehydration, metabolic acidosis, coma and death
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gastroesophageal reflux (GER)
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passive regurgitation of stomach contents
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GER: etiology
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genetic
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GER: pathophysiology
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gastric contents backup into esophagus, acidic content leads to inflammation of esophagus, loss of nutrients leads to malnutrition
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GER: #1 cause
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vomiting from overfeeding.
feed less but more often |
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GER: s/s
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- regurgitation after eating
- irritability, choking, gagging - abdominal pain - resp: stridor, apnea |
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GER: management
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- diet (thicken)
- positioning (elevate HOB, left side, prone OK while awake, supine when sleeping) - antacids for temporary relief |
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GER: complications
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- esophagitis
- aspiration - FTT |
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FTT
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inadequate growth d/t inadequate caloric intake or inability to utilize calories
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FTT: etiology
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- organic: secondary to physical abuse
- nonorganic: failure to feed |
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FTT: management
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- reverse malnutrition, improve growth and development
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FTT: complications
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- delayed development
- large head -> malnourishment |
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anorexia nervosa & bulimia: s/s
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- weight loss, active efforts to lose weight
- amenorrhea - eroded tooth enamel - anemia - electrolyte change |
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anorexia nervosa & bulimia: complications
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- GI
- growth - osteoporosis - can be fatal; secondary to cardiac arrhythnia, hypokalemia, CHF, or suicide |
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obesity: complications
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- sleep apnea
- heart disease - HTN - DM type 2 - hyperlipidemia - depression |
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obesity: management
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- if child weighs less than s/he will in a year or so, should not lose weight, should slow growth
- family centered Tx - increase activity level - decrease high fat and high calorie foods - bariatric surgery |