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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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% solutions
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grams of solute in 100 mls solution
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mg% solution
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mg solute/ 100 mls solution
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endoplasmic reticulum
-rough -smooth |
-protein and lipid synthesis
rough: protein synth smooth: lipid synth |
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ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis
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lysosomes
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intracellular digestive system
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golgi apparatus
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sorts and directs products to final destination
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RNA polymerase
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transcribes DNA to mRNA in the nucleus
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peroxisomes
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detoxify waste
-contains catalase |
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3 types of cytoskeleton
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microtubules
microfilaments intermediate filaments |
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3 steps of producing ATP from glucose
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-glycolysis
-citric acid/krebs cycle -oxidative phosphorylation |
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glycolysis
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1 glucose
--> 2 pyruvate --> 2 ATP --> 2 NADH |
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Citric Acid Cycle
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1 Pyruvate --> 1 Acetyl CoA
1 Acetyl Coa --> 1 NADH --> 1 CO2 (in cycle:) --> 2 CO2 --> 1 ATP --> 3 NADH --> 1 FADH2 |
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Electron Transport Chain
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2.5 ATP/NADH
1.5 ATP/FADH2 Ends with Oxygen forming H2O |
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Total ATP from metabolism
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Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Citric Acid: 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP Electron: 10 NADH x 2.5 = 25, 2 FADH2 x 1.5 = 3 2 ATP + 2 ATP + 25 +3 = *32 ATP* |
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Beta Oxidation
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-Fats are converted to Acetyl Coa and enter Krebs Cycle
-occurs in mitochondria |
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Simple diffusion
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travels through membrane or through pores
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Facilitated diffusion
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carrier-mediated
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hypertonic
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leads to crenation (water sucked out)
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hypotonic
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causes lysis
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Primary active transport
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requires direct use of ATP
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Secondary active transport
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driven by an ion concentration gradient by a primary active transport system.
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Nernst Equation
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64 log ([K]b / [K]a)
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Calculation of Total Membrane Potential (Vm)
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Vm = [(Ek)(gk) + (Ena)(Gna)]/ [gk + gna)
E = equilibrium constant g = conductance |
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Resting Membrane Potential in cell
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outside: 142 mM Na, 4 mM K
Inside: 12 mM Na, 140 mM K |
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saltatory conduction
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movement of an action potential down a myelinated neuron
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lidocaine
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prevents sodium gate from opening (no action potential)
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Multiple Sclerosis
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autoimmune attack of myelin
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EPSP's
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hypopolarization of post-synaptic membrane
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IPSP's
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cause hyperpolarization
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Astrocytes
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physically support neurons
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Oligodendrocytes
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form myelin sheaths in CNS
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Microglia
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phagocytosis
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Ependymal Cells
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form CSF
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Schwann Cells
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form myeling sheaths in PNS
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autonomic nervous system
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everything but motor neurons
(sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) |
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blood-brain system
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consists of tight junctions
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cerebral cortex
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site of initiation of all voluntary motor output and final perceptual processing of all sensory input as well as integration of most higher neural activity."
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hypothalamus
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regulates body temp, regulates osmolarity of body fluids, regulates food intake, emotions of rage and aggression, regulates anterior pituitary function (endocrine system), regulates uterine contractility and milk ejection, sleep/wake cycle
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basal nuclei
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inhibition of muscle tone, coordination of slow and sustained movements (posture), selecting purposeful patterns of movement and suppressing useless patterns of movement
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thalamus
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relay station for sensory information, relay station for motor pathways from cerebral cortex, interpretation center for sensory information, modality (pain, heat cold, touch pressure) of sensation is perceived here but not location or intensity.
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pons
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controls rate and depth of respiration
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medulla
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controls vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, blood pressure, heart rate and strength of contraction
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posterier parietal cortex
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perception of where the body is in relationship to the environment
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premotor cortex
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generate plans for movement; coordinate complex movements; "plan" transferred to primary motor cortex for execution
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cerebellum
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Maintenance of balance, control of eye movements, Regulation of muscle tone, coordination of skilled voluntary movement; Planning and initiation of voluntary activity
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sympathetic preganglionic
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acetylcholine
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sympathetic postganglionic
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norepinephrine
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Parasympathetic preganglionic
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acetylcholine
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Parasympathetic postganglionic
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acetylcholine
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acetylcholinesterase
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degrades acetylcholine
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calsequestrin
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stores calcium in lateral sacs
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Type I Fibers
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-slow twitch
-low fatigue -high mitochondria -oxidative phosphorylation - low glycolytic enzyme content -first muscle type used |
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Type IIa Fibers
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-fast twitch
-medium fatigue resistance -high mitochondria -oxidative phosphorylation -intermediate glycolytic enzyme content -2nd muscle type used |
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Type IIx fibers
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-fast twitch
-high fatigue -low mitochondria -glycolysis -high glycolytic enzyme content -last muscle type used |
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AMPK
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increases the mitochondrial content of the muscle, inhibits mTOR and blocks protein synthesis, increases beta oxidation, an increases glucose levels in the muscle
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isotonic vs. isometric
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isotonic: muscle shortens or lengthens
isometric: muscle stays the same length |
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Pulmonary Circulation
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right side of heart
-blood between heart and lungs |
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Systemic Circulation
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driven by left side of heart
-blood between heart and other body systems |
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Diastole
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relaxation
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systole
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contraction
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stenotic valves
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stiff valves that don't open all the way
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insufficient valves
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valves with scarring that don't shut all the way
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albumin
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most abundant plasma protein
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P
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atrial depolarization
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QRS
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ventricles depolarize; atria repolarize
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ST
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Ventricles contracting
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T
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ventricles repolarize
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Cardiac Output
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total volume of blood by ventricle per minute
-regulated by heart rate and stroke volume |
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Stroke Volume
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End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
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Frank-Starling law
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the greater the filling, the stronger the contraction and the smaller the end systolic volume
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factors affecting resistance to flow
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viscosity
length of vessel radius of vessel |
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arteries
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pressure reservoir
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Arterioles
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resistance
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Capillaries
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nutrient exchange
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venules
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collect blood from capillaries
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veins
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blood reservoir
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mean arterial pressure
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[Sys + 2(dias)] /3
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Megakaryocytes
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fragments = platelets
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fibrinogen
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turned into fibrin, forms meshwork
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Thromboxane A2
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activates other platelets
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prostacyclin
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prohibits platelet plug formation
(contains plug to site of injury) |
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Sympathetic agonist
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drug that mimics NE
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erythropoetin
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secreted by kidneys
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Minute Alveolar Ventilation
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rate (tidal volume - dead space)
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Asthma and COPD
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increased airway resistance
-difficulty with expiration |
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Emphysema
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increased airway resistance
-difficulty with expiration -alveolar tissues destroyed |
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Chronic Bronchitis
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chronic inflammation (lots of mucous)
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Pulmonary Fibrosis
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difficulty with inspiration
-scar tissue buildup |
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GFR
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rate * urine concentration / plasma concentration
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