Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the major intracellular cation?
|
Potassium
|
|
How is potassium concentration in the cell maintained?
|
Na+/K+ pump
|
|
What cation is essential for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses?
|
Potassium
|
|
Larges changes in pH will likely affect which cation?
|
Potassium
(acidosis leads to reabsorbtion of K+, alkalosis causes the excretion of K+) |
|
If the kidneys are excreting K+, what is likely the pH condition?
|
alkalosis or basic (low H+ concentration)
|
|
If the kidneys are reabsorbing K+, what is likely the pH condition?
|
acidosis or acidic (high H+ concentration)
|
|
Why is potassium so closely tied to acid-base balance of pH?
|
Its due to the "H+ K+ ATPase" in the epithelial cells of the collecting duct.
|
|
What happens to the membrane potential with hyperkalemia?
|
Cell depolarize
|
|
What happens to the membrane potential with hypokalemia?
|
Cell hyperpolarizes
|
|
What would happen to muscle excitability during hyperkalemia?
|
Two things can happen!!
1.) The muscle would become more excitable or 2.) The muscle would become less excitable |
|
How would hyperkalemia lead to a muscle becoming less excitable?
|
It can lead to incomplete repolarization, and no action potential can be reached.
|
|
What are the normal ranges of blood potassium?
|
3.5 mEq/L to 5.5 mEq/L
|
|
Why is hyperkalemia rare?
|
The kidneys are efficient at renal excretion of excess potassium
|
|
What effect would an insulin deficiency have on blood potassium levels?
|
It would cause hyperkalemia
(Insulin takes potassium into the cell, therefore there would be little in the cell) |
|
What effect would excessive secretion of insulin have on blood potassium levels?
|
it would cause Hypokalemia
(insulin would take in most of the potassium into the cell from the ECF) |
|
What is an example of a mild hyperkalemia attack?
|
Any type of neuromuscular irritability
ie. tingling of lips and fingers, restlessness |
|
What is an example of a severe hyperkalemia attack?
|
The cell wont repolarize, causes muscles weakness or flaccid paralysis.
|
|
Why would cell trauma cause hyperkalemic conditions?
|
Cells contain a lot of potassium, and if ruptured, it is released into the ECF.
|
|
A pronounced U wave on a ECG would indicate what type of condition?
|
Hypokalemia
|
|
A Tall peaked T wave on a ECG would indicate what type of condition?
|
Hyperkalemia
|
|
Why are calcium and phosphate indirectly related?
|
They complex easy to each other and precipitate. Very undesirable.
|
|
If calcium concentration increases, what ion is likely to decrease?
|
Phosphate
(they are indirectly related to avoid precipitation) |
|
Where is most calcium located?
|
In the bone as a hydroxyapatite
|
|
What two ions are in bone as hyroxyapitite?
|
Calcium and phosphate
|
|
What is/are the function(s) of Ca++?
|
-forming of bones and teeth
-blood clotting -hormone secretion -cell receptor function (secondary messaging pathways) |
|
What is/are the function(s) of Phosphate?
|
-Necessary for high-energy bonds located in creatine phosphate and ATP
-Acts as an Anion buffer |
|
If calcium concentration decreases, what is its effect on sodium?
|
It decreased the block of Na+ into the cell, which causes increased excitability
|
|
If calcium concentration increases, what is its effect on sodium?
|
It increases the block of Na+ into the cell, which causes decreased excitability.
|
|
Muscle cramps would be an indication of what type of calcium condition?
|
Hypocalcemia
|
|
Muscle weakness would be an indication of what type of calcium condition?
|
Hypercalcemia.
|
|
Muscle weakness would be an indication of what type of phosphate condition?
|
hypophosphatemia
|
|
Muscle cramps would be an indication of what type of phosphate condition?
|
Hyperphosphatemia
|
|
In general, conditions of hypercalcemia would mimic hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia?
|
Hypercalcemia would mimic Hypophosphatemia.
|
|
Is magnesium a cation of the ICF or EFC?
|
cation of the ICF
(acts as a cofactor in protein and nucleic acid synthesis) |
|
What is magnesium's main role?
|
Mg+ acts as a cofactor in protein and nucleic acid synthesis because it has two charges (divalent).
|
|
What effect does magnesium have on ACH?
|
magnesium decreases the release of ACH at the neuromuscular joint. Less excitation of muscles.
|
|
Tetany would be an indication of what type of blood magnesium level?
|
Hypomagnesemia
(magnesium decreases the release of ACH at the neuromuscular joint. Less excitation of muscles.) |
|
Muscle weakness would be an indication of what type of blood magnesium level?
|
Hypermagnesemia
|
|
What is the normal body's pH range?
|
pH between 7.35 - 7.45
|
|
What organs are involved in the regulation of acid/base balance?
|
Lungs and kidneys
|
|
Volatile acid (H2CO3) is regulated by which organ?
|
Lungs
(Eliminated as CO2 gas) |
|
nonvolatile acid (Sulfuric, phosphoric acids) is regulated by which organ?
|
Kidneys
(eliminated by renal tubules with regulation of HCO3-) |
|
What is the most important plasma buffering systems?
|
-carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
-hemoglobin |
|
CO2 + H20 = ???
|
H2CO3, which can dissociate to H+ and HCO3-
|
|
What are the reagents and products in the carbonic acid equation?
|
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ +HCO3-
|
|
If you increase H+ in the carbonic acid equation, what will happen to CO2 and HCO3-?
|
CO2 will increase
HCO3- will decrease |
|
If you increase CO2 in the carbonic acid equation, what will happen?
|
Increase H+
(asthma is an example, because decreased ventilation) |
|
How does the respiration system compensate for and increase in pH?
|
Decrease in ventilation
|
|
How does the renal system compensate for a decrease in pH?
|
produces acidic acid, by pumping excess H+ into the urine.
|
|
How can proteins act as buffers for H+?
|
Proteins have negative charges, so they can regulate H+ ions.
|
|
Is there more ICF or ECF?
|
More ICF
|
|
Is interstitial fluid part of the ECF or ICF?
|
ECF
|
|
What is oncotic pressure
|
osmotic pressure due to proteins
|
|
What are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water?
|
Aquaporins
|
|
Why would the lose of albumin lead to edema?
|
There is little oncotic pressure to pull water back into the cell.
|
|
What pressure causes water to be pushed out of the capillaries in the event of a blood clot in a main vein?
|
hydrostatic pressure
All this causes edema |
|
Condition known as an accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces
|
edema
|
|
What are the 4 causes of Edema?
|
-increase in hydrostatic pressure
-Loss of plasma albumin -Increased capillary permeability -Lymph Obstruction |
|
Where does Vasopressin come from?
|
Posterior Pituitary
|
|
Where does vasopressin act?
|
The collecting duct of the nephron
|
|
What does vasopressin do?
|
cause insertion of aquaporins into the collecting duct --> water reabsorption by kidneys.
|
|
What is the main extracellular cation in the body?
|
Sodium
|
|
If we want to excrete water, we would (excrete or absorb) Sodium?
|
Excrete Sodium
(water follows sodium) |
|
If we want to absorb water, we would (excrete or absorb) Sodium?
|
absorb sodium
(water follows sodium) |
|
Sodium regulates what kind of forces?
|
Osmotic
|
|
What regulates sodium balance in the body?
|
Aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
|
|
A hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and then secretes potassium in the kidneys
|
Aldosterone
|
|
The renin-angiotensin system (RAAS) regulates which hormon and which ion?
|
Aldosterone, sodium
|
|
Hypotonic loss is a loss of more water or solute?
|
Water
|
|
Hypertonic loss is a lost of more water or solute?
|
solute
|
|
A loss of fluid that is equal in loss of water and solute
|
Isotonic loss
|
|
How can you have an isotonic volume excess?
|
- Drink a lot of gaterade
- given too much of an IV |
|
Your HR would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume depletion?
|
increase
|
|
Your BP would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume depletion?
|
decrease
|
|
Your amound of urine would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume depletion?
|
decrease
|
|
Would hypersecretion of aldosterone cause Isotonic volume depletion or excess?
|
Isotonic Volume Excess, because aldosterone conserves sodium, water follows the sodium.
|
|
Would cortisone use cause Isotonic volume depletion or excess?
|
Isotonic Volume Excess
|
|
Your BP would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume Excess?
|
BP would increase
|
|
Your HR would (increase or decrease) as a result of Isotonic Volume Excess?
|
HR would decrease
|
|
What are the two ways to get Hypernatremia?
|
1. Sodium Gain
2. Water loss |
|
What are some manifestations of Hypernatremia?
|
Intracellular dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia(high HR)
(high salt concentration water moves from ICF to ECF) |
|
Why would the hematocrit increase in the condition of hypernatremia?
|
There is less water in the blood, makes a higher % RBC.
|
|
What does hyponatremia do to the cell on the cellular level?
|
Hypnatermia decreases the ECF osmotic pressure, water moves into the cell and begins to swell.
|
|
What are the two ways to get Hyponatremia?
|
1. Ingest too much free water
2. Sodium deficiency |
|
What blood concentration condition would lead to the symptoms of hypovolemia?
|
Hyponatremia
|
|
What two things cause Exessive Water in the body?
|
1. Compulsive water drinking
2. Decreased urine formation (SIADH) |
|
What is the effect of SIADH?
|
secretes ADH even though the body is absent of hypovolemia or hyperosmotic, therefore it retains water
|
|
How is hypochloremia usually developed?
|
Due to vomiting or a lose of HCL
Occurs in cystic fibrosis. |
|
What disease is most likely to have hypochloremia?
|
cystic fibrosis
|
|
Which is more rare Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia?
|
Hyperkalemia because the renal excretion is good.
|
|
Which acid/base imbalance is due to elevation of pCO2 due to ventillation depression?
|
Respiratory acidosis
example asthma |
|
Which acid/base imbalance is due to depression of pCO2 due to aveolar hyperventilation?
|
Respiratory Alkalosis
|
|
Which acid/base imbalance is due to depression of HCO3- or an increase in non-carbonic acids?
|
Metabolic Acidosis
|
|
Which acid/base imbalance is due to elevation of HCO3- usually due to a loss of metabolic acids
|
Metabolic alkalosis
|
|
During respiratory acidosis will HCO3- increase or decrease
|
Increase
(respiratory is reversed) ph & HCO3- |
|
During metabolic acidosis will HCO3- increase or decrease
|
Decrease
(metabolic mimics) ph & HCO3- |
|
During respiratory Alkalosis will HCO3- increase or decrease?
|
Decrease
(respiratory is reversed) ph & HCO3- |
|
During metabolic Alkalosis will HCO3- increase or decrease?
|
increase
(metabolic mimics) ph & HCO3- |
|
During acidosis, what would you expect a patients plasma K+ to be?
|
Hyperkalemia
K+ leves rise to get rid of H+ ions. |