Module 2 - Carbohydrates

Front 1

Carbohydrates or sugar

Back 1

These are either polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones.

Front 2

Penultimate carbon

Back 2

This carbon determines the optical rotation of the sugar; the last chiral carbon.

Front 3

Aldose

Back 3

These carbohydrates are also known polyhydroxyaldehydes.

Front 4

Polyhydroxyketones

Back 4

Ketoses are also known as:

Front 5

Monosaccharides

Back 5

These are the simplest sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler form; contain one sugar unit

Front 6

Disaccharides

Back 6

These sugars are formed by dehydration reaction; when hydrolyzed, they yields two sugar units

Front 7

Oligosaccharides

Back 7

These carbohydrates are formed by dehydration reaction; contain three to ten sugar units

Front 8

Polysaccharides

Back 8

These carbohydrates contains more than 10 sugar unit; usually bland in taste

Front 9

Homoglycan

Back 9

This is a type of polysaccharide which, upon hydrolysis, yields only one type of monosaccharides.

Front 10

Heteroglycan

Back 10

Upon the hydrolysis of this type of polysaccharide, it yields several type of monosaccharides.

Front 11

Hydroxyacetaldehyde

Back 11

Simplest monosaccharide containing two carbon atoms; the only diose

Front 12

Triose

Back 12

Glyceraldehyde and dihydroacetone are monosaccharides. Based on the number of carbon atoms, what would be the general term for these two monosaccharides?

Front 13

Four carbons

Back 13

Erythrose (trihydroxybutanal) is a monosaccharide containing how many carbon?

Front 14

Xylose

Back 14

This is a pentose sugar that is also known as wood sugar; it is used as a diagnostic agent for malabsorption.

Front 15

Arabinose

Back 15

This is a pentose sugar; it is a component of Acacia gum or gum Arabic.

Front 16

Ribose

Back 16

This is a pentose sugar; it is the sugar portion of RNA

Front 17

Deoxyribose

Back 17

This is the pentose sugar portion of DNA

Front 18

Xylose

Ribose

Ribulose

Arabinose

Back 18

Give three monosaccharides containing 5 carbon atoms; a pentose

Hint 18

"X-RAy"

Front 19

Heptose

Back 19

Sedoheptose is what type of monosaccharides (depending on no. of carbon atoms)?

Front 20

Octose

Back 20

D-glycero-D-mannoctulose is what type of monosaccharides (depending on no. of carbon atoms)?

Front 21

Hexoses

Back 21

These are the most important monosaccharides.

Front 22

Glucose

Back 22

An aldohexose used as nutrient and sweetening agent; also known as physiologic sugar, blood sugar, dextrose, and grape sugar.

Front 23

Glucitol or sorbitol

Back 23

Glucose, when reduced, will yield a sugar alcohol known as:

Front 24

Mannitol

Back 24

Mannose, when reduced, will yield a sugar alcohol known as:

Front 25

Glucose

Back 25

Glycose is commonly known as:

Front 26

Fructose

Back 26

A ketohexose found in mel or honey.

Front 27

Fructose

Back 27

It is also known as levulose.

Front 28

Fructose

Back 28

It is also known as fruit sugar.

Front 29

Fructose

Back 29

It is used as nutrient and sweetening agent; used as food for diabetics because it does not increase the blood glucose level.

Front 30

Galactose

Back 30

It is an aldohexose rapidly absorbed from the small intestine.

Front 31

Mucic test

Back 31

This is the identification test for galactose.

Hint 31

"NakakaGALAC ang MUCIC!"

Front 32

Osazone test

Back 32

This is the identification test for mannose.

Hint 32

"MAN destroys OZONE."

Front 33

Mannose

Back 33

This aldohexose readily forms osazone crystals compared to other monosaccharides.

Hint 33

"MAN destroys OZONE."

Front 34

Sucrose

Back 34

It is also known as table sugar.

Front 35

Sucrose

Back 35

Hydrolysis of this substance will yield a glucose unit and a fructose unit.

Front 36

Saccharum officinarum

Back 36

Sucrose can be obtained from sugar cane. What is the scientific name of sugar cane?

Front 37

Beta vulgaris

Back 37

Sucrose can be obtained from sugar beets. What is the scientific name of sugar beets?

Front 38

Sugar maple

Back 38

Sucrose can be obtained from Acer saccharum. What is its common name?

Hint 38

"ACER vs -APLE"

Front 39

Sucrose

Back 39

It is a disaccharide used as demulcent (coats mucous membrane), sweetening agent, and in the manufacture of syrups.

Front 40

Maltose

Back 40

It is also known as malt sugar.

Front 41

Two glucose units

Back 41

When maltose is hydrolyze, it will yield two monosaccharides. What are those monosaccharides?

Front 42

Lactose

Back 42

This is also known as milk sugar.

Front 43

Whey

Back 43

Lactose is isolated from cow milk. What part of the cow milk?

Front 44

Lactase

Back 44

Lactose intolerance is a condition where the body cannot secrete a certain enzyme resulting to gastrointestinal distress. What is the deficient enzyme?

Front 45

Lactulose

Back 45

This disaccharide is produced by the alkaline rearrangement of lactose.

Front 46

Lactose

Back 46

This disaccharide will yield a glucose unit and a galactose unit.

Front 47

Fructose and galactose unit

Back 47

Lactulose upon hydrolysis will yield two sugar units. What are these units?

Front 48

Lactulose

Back 48

This disaccharide is used as cathartic because of the irritation of the intestinal wall by the build up of acid metabolites.

Front 49

Lactic acid

Acetic acid

Back 49

Lactulose upon microbial metabolism in the gut flora will produce acidic metabolites such as:

Front 50

Lactulose

Back 50

This disaccharide is also used to prevent and treat portal systemic encephalopathy.

Front 51

Three glucose units

Back 51

Maltotriose is a oligosaccharide that when hydrolyze yields:

Front 52

Sorbitol or glucitol

Back 52

This sugar alcohol is the product of the reduction of glucose; half as sweet as glucose; used as humectant.

Front 53

All monosaccharides

Back 53

Which monosaccharides will give a brick-red precipitate on Fehling's and Benedict's test?

Front 54

Sucrose

Back 54

All disaccharides are reducing sugars which gives a positive result for Benedict's and Fehling's Test. The only exception is:

Front 55

Wine

Back 55

It is produced by the fermentation of grape juice.

Front 56

Brandy

Back 56

This is an alcoholic drink distilled from wine.

Front 57

Whiskey

Back 57

This alcoholic drink is distilled from fermented malted grain.

Front 58

Rhum

Back 58

This alcoholic drink is distilled from fermented molasses.

Front 59

Fehling's Reagent

Benedict's Reagent

Back 59

Two reagents used to detect the presence of reducing agents (like reducing sugars) producing a brick red precipitate as positive result.

Front 60

Reduction of cupric sulfate to cuprous oxide

Back 60

What is the principle of Fehling's test and Benedict's test? What are the substances involved in the reaction?

Front 61

Tollen's test

Back 61

This test is used to differentiate aldose from ketose because it only reacts with aldehyde; (+) silver mirror

Front 62

Barfoed's Test

Back 62

This test is used to differentiate monosaccharides from disaccharides.

Hint 62

"FOE" - mono vs di

Front 63

Plant acids

Back 63

An oxidation reaction of glucose will yield:

Front 64

Denige's Test

Back 64

This test is used to differentiate citric acid from tartaric acid.

Hint 64

"DENIGE corneho is with CITRIC lee."

Front 65

Tartaric acid

Back 65

It is a plant acid that is a byproduct of the wine industry.

Front 66

Fumaric acid

Back 66

This plant acid is added to ferrous ions producing the most tolerable iron supplement; brand name: Toleron®

Front 67

Vitis vinifera

Back 67

Grape juice, where wine is made from, is obtained from: (scientific name)

Hint 67

Grape "vine"