Pcc - Bio 232 - Week 1 Lecture

Front 1

What is the general function of the Medulla Oblongata?
What six specific functions does it govern?

Back 1

"Life support"
Breathing, Heartbeat, Vomiting, Coughing, Sneezing, Vasomotor tone (Bloodflow)

Front 2

Why is the Medulla Oblongata located at the bottom of the brain?

Back 2

It is protected, closest to the heart and other vital functions, providing a quick pathway for signals through the nervous system

Front 3

What is the general function of the Pons?
In specific, what vital function does it govern?

Back 3

"Bridge" - Connects Medulla with upper brain and cerebellum
Regulates breathing (rhythmic, faster/slower/deeper/shallow)

Front 4

What are the pyramids?
What does it mean when they are said to decussate?

Back 4

Motor Tracts (Descending)
Pyramids are said to decussate (cross over); right brain talks to left side of body and vice versa, mostly

Front 5

What function does the Cerebellum serve?

Back 5

Balance and coordination

Front 6

Identify cranial nerve 1.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 6

Olfactory nerve
"Smell"
Transmits the sense of smell; Located in olfactory foramina in the Cribriform plate of ethmoid
Sensory

Front 7

Identify cranial nerve 2.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 7

Optic nerve
"Vision"
Transmits visual information to the brain; Located in optic canal
Sensory

Front 8

Identify cranial nerve 3.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 8

Occulomotor nerve
"Eye Movement (Eyelid, pupil)"
Innervates levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique, which collectively perform most eye movements; Also innervates m. sphincter pupillae. Located in superior orbital fissure
Motor

Front 9

Identify cranial nerve 4.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 9

Trochlear nerve
"Move eye (Down, out, diagonal)"
Innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses, rotates laterally (around the optic axis), and intorts the eyeball; Located in superior orbital fissure
Motor

Front 10

Identify cranial nerve 5.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 10

Trigeminal nerve
"Jaw/Mouth - Chewing"
Receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication; Located in superior orbital fissure (ophthalmic nerve - V1), foramen rotundum (maxillary nerve - V2), and foramen ovale (mandibular nerve - V3)
Both

Front 11

Identify cranial nerve 6.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 11

Abducens Nerve
"Eye Movement (Lateral)"
Innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye; Located in superior orbital fissure
Motor

Front 12

Identify cranial nerve 7.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 12

Facial nerve
"Expressions (skin)"
Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and stapedius muscle, receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and provides secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland; Located and runs through internal acoustic canal to facial canal and exits at stylomastoid foramen
Both

Front 13

Identify cranial nerve 8.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 13

Vestibulocochlear nerve
"Ear - Hearing and Balance"
Senses sound, rotation and gravity (essential for balance & movement). More specifically. the vestibular branch carries impulses for equilibrium and the cochlear branch carries impulses for hearing.; Located in internal acoustic canal
Sensory

Front 14

Identify cranial nerve 9.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 14

Glossopharangeal nerve
"Tongue and Throat - Swallowing"
Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus. Some sensation is also relayed to the brain from the palatine tonsils. Sensation is relayed to opposite thalamus and some hypothalamic nuclei. Located in jugular foramen
Both

Front 15

Identify cranial nerve 10.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 15

Vagus nerve
"Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity - Organs (Heart, stomach, intestines, bladder)"
Supplies branchiomotor innervation to most laryngeal and all pharyngeal muscles (except the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal); provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure; and receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis. A major function: controls muscles for voice and resonance and the soft palate. Symptoms of damage: dysphagia (swallowing problems), velopharyngeal insufficiency. Located in jugular foramen
Both

Front 16

Identify cranial nerve 11.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 16

Accessory nerve
"Neck"
Controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, overlaps with functions of the vagus. Examples of symptoms of damage: inability to shrug, weak head movement; Located in jugular foramen
Motor

Front 17

Identify cranial nerve 12.
What is the function and location of this nerve?
What class of nerve is it?

Back 17

Hypoglossal nerve
"Throat (Larynx, voicebox)"
Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue (except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus) and other glossal muscles. Important for swallowing (bolus formation) and speech articulation. Located in hypoglossal canal
Motor

Front 18

What is the R-rated mnemonic used to memorize the 12 cranial nerves? What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Back 18

"oh oh oh to touch and feel virgin girl's vaginas, ah heaven"
Olfactory, Optic, Occulomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharangeal, Accessory, Hypoglossal

Front 19

What is the mnemonic used to memorize the classifications of the 12 cranial nerves?

Back 19

"Some say marry money, but my brother says big butts matter more"

Front 20

What is the "second chunk" of the brain known as, navigating upwards from the brainstem?
What 3 structures are part of this "chunk"?

Back 20

Mesencephalon
Corpora quadrigemina, Pineal gland, Reticular Activation System/Formation

Front 21

What functions are governed by the corpora quadrigemina?

Back 21

Visual reflexes, auditory reflexes (no conscious control)
Localization (follow stimulus)

Front 22

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Back 22

Makes melatonin (to get to sleep, govern circadian rhythms)

Front 23

What is the function of the reticular activation system/formation?

Back 23

Consciousness (wake up, become conscious)

Front 24

What is the "third chunk" of the brain known as, navigating upwards from the brainstem?
What 3 structures are part of this "chunk"?

Back 24

Diencephalon
Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus

Front 25

What is the function of the thalamus?
How is this function affected by drugs like LSD?

Back 25

Relay Station/Switchboard/Router
If LSD/Shrooms are taken, thalamus no longer routes correctly (synesthesia)

Front 26

What is the function of the hypothalamus?
What 7 factors are part of this function?

Back 26

Homeostasis
Temperature, pH, Sugar, Hormone levels, thirst, sex, hunger

Front 27

What structure is located in the epithalamus? What does it do?

Back 27

Has choroid plexus, which makes CSF

Front 28

How is CSF generated? What are the general components of CSF? Why is it necessary?

Back 28

Ependymal cells in choroid plexus manufacture CSF from blood (moved by microvilli on ependymal cells)
Contains oxygen, nutrients (sugar), waste, Ions (Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium)
Required because blood/brain barrier keeps blood out, only lets what is necessary in

Front 29

The outer portion of the brain is organized as 6 layers of spaces and meninges - what are they, from the outside in? Where should CSF be located in this?

Back 29

Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater (if blood penetrates here or below, problems occur)
Subarachnoid space (Contains CSF)
Pia mater

Front 30

What is the fourth and final "chunk" of the brain, working upwards from the brainstem? What is the informal name for this area? What are the four divisions of this area?

Back 30

Telencephalon - aka cerebrum, as an informal term - NOT cerebellum
The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Front 31

What functions are served by the frontal lobe of the brain?

Back 31

Movement (voluntary)
Speech
Personality

Front 32

What functions are served by the temporal lobe of the brain?

Back 32

Hearing
Smelling
Memory

Front 33

What function is served by the occipital lobe of the brain?

Back 33

Vision

Front 34

What functions are served by the parietal lobe of the brain?

Back 34

Somatic sensory cortex area
Feeling body (mostly exterior, some organs)
Touch, itching, pressure, pain, heat