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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Frontal Bone
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• Forms the forehead, roof of the orbits, and the anterior part of the cranial floor.
• Left and right sides of the frontal bone unite soon after birth by the metopic suture that disappears by age 6-8. |
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• Forms the forehead, roof of the orbits, and the anterior part of the cranial floor.
• Left and right sides of the frontal bone unite soon after birth by the metopic suture that disappears by age 6-8. |
Frontal Bone
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Frontal Bone - Frontal squama
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– sac like plate forms the forehead.
– Gradually slopes inferiorly from the coronal suture on the top of the skull, then angles abruptly and become mostly vertical. |
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– sac like plate forms the forehead.
– Gradually slopes inferiorly from the coronal suture on the top of the skull, then angles abruptly and become mostly vertical. |
Frontal Bone - Frontal squama
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Frontal bone - Lacrimal fossa
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– Shallow depression that houses the lacrimal gland on the superior lateral surface of the orbits
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– Shallow depression that houses the lacrimal gland on the superior lateral surface of the orbits
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Frontal bone - Lacrimal fossa
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Frontal bone - Supraorbital margin
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– frontal bone thickening superior to the orbits
– extends posteriorly to form the roof of the orbit, and part of the cranial floor cavity. |
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– frontal bone thickening superior to the orbits
– extends posteriorly to form the roof of the orbit, and part of the cranial floor cavity. |
Frontal bone - Supraorbital margin
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Frontal bone - Supraorbital foramen
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– A passage for blood vessels
– Slightly medial to midline in the supraorbital margin. |
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– A passage for blood vessels
– Slightly medial to midline in the supraorbital margin. |
Frontal bone - Supraorbital foramen
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Frontal bone - Frontal sinuses
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– lie deep to the frontal squama.
– Appear after age 6, some people do not develop them |
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– lie deep to the frontal squama.
– Appear after age 6, some people do not develop them |
Frontal bone - Frontal sinuses
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Parietal Bone
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• Two bones form the greater portion of the side and roof of the cranial cavity.
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• Two bones form the greater portion of the side and roof of the cranial cavity.
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Parietal Bone
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Parietal bone - Superior and inferior temporal lines
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– attachment site of the temporalis muscle
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– attachment site of the temporalis muscle
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Parietal bone - Superior and inferior temporal lines
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Temporal Bone
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• Two bones form the inferior lateral aspect of the cranium and part of the middle cranial floor.
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• Two bones form the inferior lateral aspect of the cranium and part of the middle cranial floor.
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Temporal Bone
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Temporal bone - Temporal Squama
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– Thin flat part of the temporal bone forms the anterior and superior part of the temple.
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– Thin flat part of the temporal bone forms the anterior and superior part of the temple.
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Temporal bone - Temporal Squama
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Temporal bone - Zygomatic process
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– Projects from the inferior portion of the temporal squama, and articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.
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– Projects from the inferior portion of the temporal squama, and articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.
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Temporal bone - Zygomatic process
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Temporal bone - Zygomatic arch
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– Formed from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.
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– Formed from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.
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Temporal bone - Zygomatic arch
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Temporal bone - Mandibular fossa
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– Located on the inferior posterior surface of the zygomatic process
– Articulates with the mandible |
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– Located on the inferior posterior surface of the zygomatic process
– Articulates with the mandible |
Temporal bone - Mandibular fossa
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Temporal bone - Articular tubercle
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– Rounded elevation anterior to the mandibular fossa
– The mandibular fossa and articular tubercle articulate with the mandible to form Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) |
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– Rounded elevation anterior to the mandibular fossa
– The mandibular fossa and articular tubercle articulate with the mandible to form Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) |
Temporal bone - Articular tubercle
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Temporal bone - Mastoid process
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– Rounded projection of the mastoid, posterior to the external auditory meatus.
– Point of attachment for several neck muscles – Contains several mastoid air cells in adults – Separated from the brain by thin bony partition. |
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– Rounded projection of the mastoid, posterior to the external auditory meatus.
– Point of attachment for several neck muscles – Contains several mastoid air cells in adults – Separated from the brain by thin bony partition. |
Temporal bone - Mastoid process
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Temporal bone - Styloid process
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– Projects inferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone
– Point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the tongue and neck |
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– Projects inferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone
– Point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the tongue and neck |
Temporal bone - Styloid process
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Temporal bone - Internal auditory meatus
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– Opening through which the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve pass
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– Opening through which the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve pass
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Temporal bone - Internal auditory meatus
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Temporal bone - Foramen lacerum
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– A slit between the sphenoid bone and petrous portion of the temporal bone
– Internal carotid artery passes through the anterior portion of the foramen lacerum – Auditory tube passes through the posterior portion of the foramen lacerum |
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– A slit between the sphenoid bone and petrous portion of the temporal bone
– Internal carotid artery passes through the anterior portion of the foramen lacerum – Auditory tube passes through the posterior portion of the foramen lacerum |
Temporal bone - Foramen lacerum
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Temporal bone - Stylomastoid foramen
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– Between Styloid process and mastoid process
– Houses the facial artery |
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– Between Styloid process and mastoid process
– Houses the facial artery |
Temporal bone - Stylomastoid foramen
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Temporal bone - Jugular foramen
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– Posterior to the carotid foramen and anterior to the occipital bone
– Passageway for the jugular vein |
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– Posterior to the carotid foramen and anterior to the occipital bone
– Passageway for the jugular vein |
Temporal bone - Jugular foramen
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Temporal bone - External auditory meatus
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– On the lateral surface, ends at the tympanic membrane
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– On the lateral surface, ends at the tympanic membrane
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Temporal bone - External auditory meatus
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Temporal bone - Petrous portion
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– Triangular shape, located at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones at the floor of the cranial cavity
– Houses the internal and middle ear. – Contains the carotid canal through which the carotid artery passes |
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– Triangular shape, located at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones at the floor of the cranial cavity
– Houses the internal and middle ear. – Contains the carotid canal through which the carotid artery passes |
Temporal bone - Petrous portion
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Occipital Bone
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• Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium
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• Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium
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Occipital Bone
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Occipital bone - Foramen magnum
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– In the inferior part of the bone.
– Contains medulla oblangata, vertebral and spinal arteries |
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– In the inferior part of the bone.
– Contains medulla oblangata, vertebral and spinal arteries |
Occipital bone - Foramen magnum
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Occipital bone - Occipital condyles
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– Oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum
– Articulate with depression on the atlas, forming atlanto-occipital joint. |
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– Oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum
– Articulate with depression on the atlas, forming atlanto-occipital joint. |
Occipital bone - Occipital condyles
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Occipital bone - External occipital protuberance
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– Midline prominent projection on the posterior surface of the bone just above the foramen magnum
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– Midline prominent projection on the posterior surface of the bone just above the foramen magnum
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Occipital bone - External occipital protuberance
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Occipital bone - External occipital crest
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– Begins at the external occipital protuberance
– Point of attachment for ligaments |
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– Begins at the external occipital protuberance
– Point of attachment for ligaments |
Occipital bone - External occipital crest
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Occipital bone - Legamentum nuchae
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– Large fibrous elastic ligament.
– Extends from external Occipital protuberance to the 7th cervical vertebra; helps support the head |
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– Large fibrous elastic ligament.
– Extends from external Occipital protuberance to the 7th cervical vertebra; helps support the head |
Occipital bone - Legamentum nuchae
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Occipital bone - Superior and inferior nuchal lines
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– Two curved ridges extending laterally from the protuberance and the crest
– Serve as areas of muscle attachment. |
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– Two curved ridges extending laterally from the protuberance and the crest
– Serve as areas of muscle attachment. |
Occipital bone - Superior and inferior nuchal lines
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Occipital bone - Hypoglossal canals
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– Begin at the lateral base of each occipital condyle and end on the inner surface next to the foramen magnum
– house the hypoglossal nerve |
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– Begin at the lateral base of each occipital condyle and end on the inner surface next to the foramen magnum
– house the hypoglossal nerve |
Occipital bone - Hypoglossal canals
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Occipital bone - Jugular foramen
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– Lies between the occipital and the temporal bones on either side of the skull
– Houses the internal jugular vein |
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– Lies between the occipital and the temporal bones on either side of the skull
– Houses the internal jugular vein |
Occipital bone - Jugular foramen
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Sphenoid bone
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• The bone has the shape of a bat with outstretched wings
• Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull • Lies posterior and slightly superior to the nasal cavity • Forms part of the floor, side walls and rear wall of the orbit. |
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• The bone has the shape of a bat with outstretched wings
• Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull • Lies posterior and slightly superior to the nasal cavity • Forms part of the floor, side walls and rear wall of the orbit. |
Sphenoid bone
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Sphenoid bone - Sphenoid body
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– cube-like medial portion between the ethmoid and occipital bone.
– Contains sphenoid sinus, inferior to the sella turcica, which drains into the nasal cavity. |
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– cube-like medial portion between the ethmoid and occipital bone.
– Contains sphenoid sinus, inferior to the sella turcica, which drains into the nasal cavity. |
Sphenoid bone - Sphenoid body
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Sphenoid bone - Sella turcica
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– Saddle-shaped structure on the superior surface of the sphenoid body.
– The anterior part is a ridge called tuberculum sellae – The saddle depression called hypophyseal fossa that contain the pituitary gland – The back part is a ridge called dorsum sallae. |
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– Saddle-shaped structure on the superior surface of the sphenoid body.
– The anterior part is a ridge called tuberculum sellae – The saddle depression called hypophyseal fossa that contain the pituitary gland – The back part is a ridge called dorsum sallae. |
Sphenoid bone - Sella turcica
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Sphenoid bone - Greater wings
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– project laterally from the body and form the anterolateral floor of the cranium
– Form part of the lateral walls of the skull; viewed externally just anterior to the temporal bone. – Contribute to the posterior wall of the orbit |
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– project laterally from the body and form the anterolateral floor of the cranium
– Form part of the lateral walls of the skull; viewed externally just anterior to the temporal bone. – Contribute to the posterior wall of the orbit |
Sphenoid bone - Greater wings
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Sphenoid bone - Lesser wings
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– anterior and superior to to the greater wings
– Form part of the cranium floor and the posterior part of the orbits |
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– anterior and superior to to the greater wings
– Form part of the cranium floor and the posterior part of the orbits |
Sphenoid bone - Lesser wings
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Sphenoid bone - Optic foramen
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– between the body and lesser wing anterior to sella turcica
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– between the body and lesser wing anterior to sella turcica
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Sphenoid bone - Optic foramen
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Sphenoid bone - Superior orbital fissure
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– Triangular slit lateral to the body between the greater and lesser wings
– Can be seen in the anterior view of the orbit. |
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– Triangular slit lateral to the body between the greater and lesser wings
– Can be seen in the anterior view of the orbit. |
Sphenoid bone - Superior orbital fissure
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Sphenoid bone - Pterygoid processes
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– Project inferiorly from the points where the body and greater wings unite
– Form the lateral posterior region of the nasal cavity – Muscles move the mandible and soft palate attach to the processes |
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– Project inferiorly from the points where the body and greater wings unite
– Form the lateral posterior region of the nasal cavity – Muscles move the mandible and soft palate attach to the processes |
Sphenoid bone - Pterygoid processes
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Sphenoid bone - Foramen rotundum
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– Located at the junction of the anterior and medial parts of Sphenoid bone
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– Located at the junction of the anterior and medial parts of Sphenoid bone
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Sphenoid bone - Foramen rotundum
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Sphenoid bone - Foramen ovale
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– in the greater wing at the base of the lateral pterygoid process.
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– in the greater wing at the base of the lateral pterygoid process.
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Sphenoid bone - Foramen ovale
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Sphenoid bone - Foramen lacerum
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– Bounded anteriorly by sphenoid bone and medially by sphenoid and occipital bones.
– Covered by fibrocartilage in live subject. |
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– Bounded anteriorly by sphenoid bone and medially by sphenoid and occipital bones.
– Covered by fibrocartilage in live subject. |
Sphenoid bone - Foramen lacerum
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Ethmoid bone
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• Light sponge-like bone
• Located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbit • Anterior to the sphenoid bone and posterior to the nasal bone • Ethmoid bone form the following: – Part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor – Medial walls of the orbits – Superior portion of the nasal septum – Most of the superior sidewalls of the nasal cavity |
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• Light sponge-like bone
• Located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbit • Anterior to the sphenoid bone and posterior to the nasal bone • Forms the following: – Part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor – Medial walls of the orbits – Superior portion of the nasal septum – Most of the superior sidewalls of the nasal cavity |
Ethmoid bone
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Ethmoid bone - Perpendicular plate
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– Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum
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– Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum
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Ehtmoid bone - Perpendicular plate
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Ethmoid bone - Cribriform plate
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– Lies in the anterior floor of the cranium and forms the roof of the nasal cavity
– Contains olfactory foramina, from which olfactory nerve passes |
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– Lies in the anterior floor of the cranium and forms the roof of the nasal cavity
– Contains olfactory foramina, from which olfactory nerve passes |
Ethmoid bone - Cribriform plate
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Ethmoid bone - Lateral masses
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– Compose most of the wall between the nasal cavity and the orbits.
– Contain air spaces (cells) that collectively form the ethmoid sinuses. |
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– Compose most of the wall between the nasal cavity and the orbits.
– Contain air spaces (cells) that collectively form the ethmoid sinuses. |
Ethmoid bone - Lateral masses
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Ethmoid bone - Crista galli
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– triangular process projecting upward from the cribriform plate
– attachment point for falx cerebri |
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– triangular process projecting upward from the cribriform plate
– attachment point for falx cerebri |
Ethmoid bone - Crista galli
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Ethmoid bone - superior and middle conchae
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– Delicate projections of the lateral mass, lateral to the nasal septum
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– Delicate projections of the lateral mass, lateral to the nasal septum
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Ethmoid bone - superior and middle conchae
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Nasal Bones
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• The paired nasal bones meet at the midline
• Form part of the bridge of the nose |
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• The paired bones meet at the midline
• Form part of the bridge of the nose |
Nasal Bones
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Maxillae
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• Paired, unite to form the upper jaw bone
• Form part of the orbital floor, the lateral walls and the floor of the nasal cavity; most of the hard palate • Contain a large maxillary sinus that opens into the nasal cavity. |
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• Paired, unite to form the upper jaw bone
• Form part of the orbital floor, the lateral walls and the floor of the nasal cavity; most of the hard palate • Contain a large maxillary sinus that opens into the nasal cavity. |
Maxillae
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Maxillary bone - alveolar process
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– Border the mouth
– Contains alveoli of the teeth |
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– Border the mouth
– Contains alveoli of the teeth |
Maxillary bone - alveolar process
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Maxillary bone - Palatine process
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– a horizontal projection forms the anterior ¾ of the hard palate
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– a horizontal projection forms the anterior ¾ of the hard palate
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Maxillary bone - Palatine process
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Maxillary bone - Infraorbital foramen
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[I]
– opening below the orbit |
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[I]
– opening below the orbit |
Maxillary bone - Infraorbital foramen
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Maxillary bone - Inferior orbital fissure
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[U]
– located between the sphenoid greater wing and the maxilla |
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[U]
– located between the sphenoid greater wing and the maxilla |
Maxillary bone - Inferior orbital fissure
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Maxillary bone - Nasolacrimal canal
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– Formed by the maxillary and the lacrimal bones
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– Formed by the maxillary and the lacrimal bones
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Maxillary bone - Nasolacrimal canal
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Zygomatic Bones
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• paired bones
• Form the cheek bones. • Form part of the lateral wall and the floor of each orbit |
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• paired bones
• Form the cheek bones. • Form part of the lateral wall and the floor of each orbit |
Zygomatic Bones
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Zygomatic bone - temporal process
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– curves posteriorly to meet the zygomatic process
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– curves posteriorly to meet the zygomatic process
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Zygomatic bone - temporal process
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Zygomatic bone - Zygomatic facial foramen
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– On the anterior surface of the zygomatic bone
– Carry sensory nerves |
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– On the anterior surface of the zygomatic bone
– Carry sensory nerves |
Zygomatic bone - Zygomatic facial foramen
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Lacrimal bones
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[G]
• Paired bones • Small thin resemble a fingernail in size and shape • Posterior and lateral to the nasal bones • Form a part of the medial wall of each orbit • Contain lacrimal fossa that houses lacrimal sac |
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[G]
• Paired bones • Small thin resemble a fingernail in size and shape • Posterior and lateral to the nasal bones • Form a part of the medial wall of each orbit • Contain lacrimal fossa that houses lacrimal sac |
Lacrimal bones
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Palatine Bones
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• Paired, L shaped bone
• Form: – Part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity – Small portion of the floors of the orbits – Horizontal plates of the palatine bone form the posterior portion of the hard palate, separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity |
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• Paired, L shaped bone
• Form: – Part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity – Small portion of the floors of the orbits – Horizontal plates of the palatine bone form the posterior portion of the hard palate, separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity |
Palatine Bones
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
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[Y]
• Paired, inferior to the middle nasal conchae • Form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal cavity • Functions – Create turbulence in air passing through the nasal cavity – Worming and moistening the air – Only the superior nasal conchae are involved in the sense of smell |
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[Y]
• Paired, inferior to the middle nasal conchae • Form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal cavity • Functions – Create turbulence in air passing through the nasal cavity – Worming and moistening the air – Only the superior nasal conchae are involved in the sense of smell |
Inferior Nasal Conchae
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Vomer
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[Z]
• Triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity • Part of the nasal septum divide the nasal cavity into right and left sides • Superiorly articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone • Inferiorly articulates with the maxilla and the palatine bones along the midline |
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[Z]
• Triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity • Part of the nasal septum divide the nasal cavity into right and left sides • Superiorly articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone • Inferiorly articulates with the maxilla and the palatine bones along the midline |
Vomer
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Mandible
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• Lower jaw, large, strong bone.
• The horizontal portion forms the body. The perpendicular portion forms the rami, and the area between them is the angle of the mandible |
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• Lower jaw, large, strong bone.
• The horizontal portion forms the body. The perpendicular portion forms the rami, and the area between them is the angle of the mandible |
Mandible
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Mandible - alveolar process
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– Supports the lower teeth
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– Supports the lower teeth
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Mandible - alveolar process
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Mandible - Condylar process
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– forms TMJ
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– forms TMJ
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Mandible - Condylar process
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Mandible - Coronoid process
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– attaches temporalis muscle
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– attaches temporalis muscle
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Mandible - Coronoid process
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Mandible - Mandibular notch
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– depression between coronoid and condylar process
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– depression between coronoid and condylar process
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Mandible - Mandibular notch
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Mandible - Mental foramen
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- Located below the second mandibular premolar tooth.
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- Located below the second mandibular premolar tooth.
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Mandible - Mental foramen
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Mandible - Mandibular foramen
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- on the medial surface of each ramus; the beginning of mandibular canal that houses the alveolar nerves, blood vessels pass through the canal.
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- on the medial surface of each ramus; the beginning of mandibular canal that houses the alveolar nerves, blood vessels pass through the canal.
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Mandible - Mandibular foramen
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Nasal Septum
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• Divide the nasal cavity into left and right sides
• Consist of three components – The vomer articulates with the septal cartilage anteriorly and the ethmoid perpendicular plate superiorly. |
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• Divide the nasal cavity into left and right sides
• Consist of three components – The vomer articulates with the septal cartilage anteriorly and the ethmoid perpendicular plate superiorly. |
Nasal Septum
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Orbits
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• Contain the eyeball and associated structures.
• Formed from 7 bones: – 3 cranial bones (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid) – 4 facial bones (Palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla) • Four walls converge posteriorly: 1. Orbital roof: frontal and sphenoid bones 2. Lateral orbital wall: zygomatic and sphenoid bones 3. Orbital floor: maxilla, zygomatic and palatine bones 4. Medial orbital wall: maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones • Five openings associated with each orbit 1. optic foramen at the junction of the roof and medial walls 2. Superior orbital fissure at the superior lateral angle of the apex 3. Inferior orbital fissure at the junction of lateral wall and floor 4. Supraorbital foramen on the medial side of the supraorbital margin of the frontal bone 5. Lacrimal fossa in the lacrimal bone |
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• Contain the eyeball and associated structures.
• Formed from 7 bones: – 3 cranial bones (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid) – 4 facial bones (Palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla) • Four walls converge posteriorly: 1. Orbital roof: frontal and sphenoid bones 2. Lateral orbital wall: zygomatic and sphenoid bones 3. Orbital floor: maxilla, zygomatic and palatine bones 4. Medial orbital wall: maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones • Five openings associated with each orbit 1. optic foramen at the junction of the roof and medial walls 2. Superior orbital fissure at the superior lateral angle of the apex 3. Inferior orbital fissure at the junction of lateral wall and floor 4. Supraorbital foramen on the medial side of the supraorbital margin of the frontal bone 5. Lacrimal fossa in the lacrimal bone |
Orbits
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Sutures
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• Articulations connect between the skull bones
• Tied firmly together with dense fibrous connective tissue • Hold skull bones together • Movable in infants and children • Immovable in adults |
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• Articulations connect between the skull bones
• Tied firmly together with dense fibrous connective tissue • Hold skull bones together • Movable in infants and children • Immovable in adults |
Sutures
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Coronal suture
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unites frontal and both parietal bones
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unites frontal and both parietal bones
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Coronal suture
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Sagittal suture
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unites the two parietal bones
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unites the two parietal bones
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Sagittal suture
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Lambdoid suture
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unites both parietal bones to the occipital bone
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unites both parietal bones to the occipital bone
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Lambdoid suture
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Squamous suture
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unites the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspect on each side of the skull
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unites the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspect on each side of the skull
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Squamous suture
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Paranasal Sinuses
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• Air filled chambers
• Lined with mucous membrane continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity • Paranasal sinuses include: • Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary • Functions – Make the skull lighter – Produce mucus that moisten and clean the air – Resonating chambers for sound |
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• Air filled chambers
• Lined with mucous membrane continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity • Paranasal sinuses include: • Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary • Functions – Make the skull lighter – Produce mucus that moisten and clean the air – Resonating chambers for sound |
Paranasal Sinuses
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Fontanels
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• Fibrous connective tissue membrane filled between cranial bones
• Replaced by intramembranous ossification • Functionally provide flexibility to the fetal skull |
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• Fibrous connective tissue membrane filled between cranial bones
• Replaced by intramembranous ossification • Functionally provide flexibility to the fetal skull |
Fontanels
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Anterior fontanel
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between parietal bones and frontal bone
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between parietal bones and frontal bone
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Anterior fontanel
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Posterior fontanel
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between parietal bones and occipital bone
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between parietal bones and occipital bone
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Posterior fontanel
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Two anterolateral fontanels
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located laterally between frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones
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located laterally between frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones
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Two anterolateral fontanels
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Two posterolateral fontanels
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located laterally between parietal, occipital, and temporal bones
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located laterally between parietal, occipital, and temporal bones
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Two posterolateral fontanels
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Hyoid bone
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• Single bone does not articulate with any other bone
• Suspended in the anterior neck between mandible and larynx • Consist of – Body – Lesser horns – Greater horns |
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• Single bone does not articulate with any other bone
• Suspended in the anterior neck between mandible and larynx • Consist of – Body – Lesser horns – Greater horns |
Hyoid bone
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Kyphosis
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also called hunchback, is a common condition of a curvature of the upper back
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also called hunchback, is a common condition of a curvature of the upper back
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Kyphosis
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Lordosis
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a medical term used to describe an inward curvature of a portion of the vertebral column
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a medical term used to describe an inward curvature of a portion of the vertebral column
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Lordosis
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scoliosis
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a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side
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a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side
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scoliosis
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Intervertebral discs
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• Between adjacent vertebrae
• From the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum • Consist of – Annulus fibrosus: • outer fibrous ring . – Nucleus pulposus: • inner soft, pulpy, elastic substance |
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• Between adjacent vertebrae
• From the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum • Consist of – Annulus fibrosus: • outer fibrous ring . – Nucleus pulposus: • inner soft, pulpy, elastic substance |
Intervertebral discs
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Vertebral body
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– The anterior thick disc-shaped portion
– has rough superior and inferior surfaces that attach the intervertebral discs – Bodies of adjacent vertebrae are interconnected by ligaments – Anterior and lateral surfaces contain nutrient foramina for blood vessels – Transfer weight along the vertebral column axis |
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– The anterior thick disc-shaped portion
– has rough superior and inferior surfaces that attach the intervertebral discs – Bodies of adjacent vertebrae are interconnected by ligaments – Anterior and lateral surfaces contain nutrient foramina for blood vessels – Transfer weight along the vertebral column axis |
Vertebral body
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Vertebral arch
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– Two pedicles extend posteriorly and unite with the lamina to form the arch that surrounds the spinal cord.
– The pedicles have superior and inferior notches that form intervertebral foramen, when stacked on top of one another; spinal nerves pass through the foramen |
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– Two pedicles extend posteriorly and unite with the lamina to form the arch that surrounds the spinal cord.
– The pedicles have superior and inferior notches that form intervertebral foramen, when stacked on top of one another; spinal nerves pass through the foramen |
Vertebral arch
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Vertebral foramen
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– lies between the body and the arch
– contains the spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar connective tissue, and blood vessels – forms the spinal canal |
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– lies between the body and the arch
– contains the spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar connective tissue, and blood vessels – forms the spinal canal |
Vertebral foramen
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Vertebral processes
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7 processes arise from the arch
– Two Transverse processes: • extend laterally • Sites of muscle attachment • Articulate with the ribs • Spinous process: – projects posteriorly • Four Articular processes – form joints with the superior and inferior vertebrae – 2 superior articular processes – 2 inferior articular processes – Facets: is the articulating surfaces of the process |
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7 processes arise from the arch
– Two Transverse processes: • extend laterally • Sites of muscle attachment • Articulate with the ribs • Spinous process: – projects posteriorly • Four Articular processes – form joints with the superior and inferior vertebrae – 2 superior articular processes – 2 inferior articular processes – Facets: is the articulating surfaces of the process |
Vertebral processes
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Cervical vertebrae
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• Smaller than thoracic vertebrae
• Have large arches • Have bifid spinous processes from C2 to C6 • Have three foramina: – Vertebral foramen: • Large houses the cervical spinal cord – Transverse foramen: • The vertebral artery, vein and nerve pass through the foramen |
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• Smaller than thoracic vertebrae
• Have large arches • Have bifid spinous processes from C2 to C6 • Have three foramina: – Vertebral foramen: • Large houses the cervical spinal cord – Transverse foramen: • The vertebral artery, vein and nerve pass through the foramen |
Cervical vertebrae
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Atlas, C1
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• A ring bone with anterior and posterior arches and large lateral masses
• Has a large transverse foramen and transverse processes • Lack body and spinous process • Superior articular facets, on the surface of the superior lateral mass, articulate with the occipital condyle to form atlanto-occipital joints ( can nod yes) • Inferior articular facet articulates with C2; the articulation permits rotation (can nod No) |
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• A ring bone with anterior and posterior arches and large lateral masses
• Has a large transverse foramen and transverse processes • Lack body and spinous process • Superior articular facets, on the surface of the superior lateral mass, articulate with the occipital condyle to form atlanto-occipital joints ( can nod yes) • Inferior articular facet articulates with C2; the articulation permits rotation (can nod No) |
Atlas, C1
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Axis, C2
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• The dens projects out through the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas forming a pivot joint
• Atlanto-axial joint: – the articulation between the anterior arch of the atlas and the dens of the axis, and between their articular facets |
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• The dens projects out through the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas forming a pivot joint
• Atlanto-axial joint: – the articulation between the anterior arch of the atlas and the dens of the axis, and between their articular facets |
Axis, C2
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C7, vertebra prominens
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• Has a single large spinous process
• Can be seen and felt in the base of the neck • Point of attachment for muscles and ligamentum nuchae |
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• Has a single large spinous process
• Can be seen and felt in the base of the neck • Point of attachment for muscles and ligamentum nuchae |
C7, vertebra prominens
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Thoracic vertebrae
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• Larger, heart-shaped, stronger body than the cervical vertebrae.
• Have smaller vertebral foramen than the cervical vertebrae • The slender spinous process projects posteriorly and inferiorly – T1 and T2 spinous processes are long, laterally flattened, directed inferiorly. – T11 and T12 spinous processes are short, broader, directed posteriorly • Transverse processes are longer and larger than cervical vertebrae – Transverse processes (except T11,T12 ) have facets articulate with the ribs tubercles • Bodies of thoracic vertebrae have facets articulate with the head of the ribs – T1-T8 have two costal facet articulate with two pairs of ribs – T9-T12 have one costal facet articulates with one pair of ribs • Vertebrocostal joints are the articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs |
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• Larger, heart-shaped, stronger body than the cervical vertebrae.
• Have smaller vertebral foramen than the cervical vertebrae • The slender spinous process projects posteriorly and inferiorly – T1 and T2 spinous processes are long, laterally flattened, directed inferiorly. – T11 and T12 spinous processes are short, broader, directed posteriorly • Transverse processes are longer and larger than cervical vertebrae – Transverse processes (except T11,T12 ) have facets articulate with the ribs tubercles • Bodies of thoracic vertebrae have facets articulate with the head of the ribs – T1-T8 have two costal facet articulate with two pairs of ribs – T9-T12 have one costal facet articulates with one pair of ribs • Vertebrocostal joints are the articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs |
Thoracic vertebrae
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Lumbar vertebrae
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• The largest and strongest of the vertebral column
• Do not have costal facets • The vertebral foramen is triangular • Short and thick processes • The superior articular processes are directed medially instead of superiorly • The inferior articular processes are directed laterally instead of inferiorly • The stumpy spinous processes are thick, broad and project posteriorly |
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• The largest and strongest of the vertebral column
• Do not have costal facets • The vertebral foramen is triangular • Short and thick processes • The superior articular processes are directed medially instead of superiorly • The inferior articular processes are directed laterally instead of inferiorly • The stumpy spinous processes are thick, broad and project posteriorly |
Lumbar vertebrae
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Sacrum
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• Triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)
• Located in the posterior portion of the pelvic cavity medial to the hip bones • Sacral ala (wings) – smooth surface formed by the fused transverse processes of the first sacral vertebra • The anterior side – is smooth concave and contains transverse lines • Anterior sacral foramina – 4 pairs at the end of the transverse lines • Posterior surface: (convex) – Median sacral crest: • fused spinous processes of the upper sacrum vertebrae on the posterior surface of the sacrum. – Lateral sacral crest: • fused transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae – Posterior sacral foramina: • communicate with anterior sacral foramina. • Contain blood vessels and nerves – Sacral canal: • continuation of vertebral canal – Sacral hiatus: • inferior entrance of vertebral canal – Sacral cornu: • Inferior articular process of S5 on either side of the sacral hiatus. |
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• Triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)
• Located in the posterior portion of the pelvic cavity medial to the hip bones • Sacral ala (wings) – smooth surface formed by the fused transverse processes of the first sacral vertebra • The anterior side – is smooth concave and contains transverse lines • Anterior sacral foramina – 4 pairs at the end of the transverse lines • Posterior surface: (convex) – Median sacral crest: • fused spinous processes of the upper sacrum vertebrae on the posterior surface of the sacrum. – Lateral sacral crest: • fused transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae – Posterior sacral foramina: • communicate with anterior sacral foramina. • Contain blood vessels and nerves – Sacral canal: • continuation of vertebral canal – Sacral hiatus: • inferior entrance of vertebral canal – Sacral cornu: • Inferior articular process of S5 on either side of the sacral hiatus. |
Sacrum
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Coccyx
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• Triangular shape
• Articulate superiorly with the apex of the sacrum • Points inferiorly in female and anteriorly and male • Formed by fusion of Co1-Co4. • Dorsal surface: – Coccygeal cornu: • connected to the sacral cornu by ligaments • Are the peduncles and superior articular processes of the first coccygeal vertebra. • Lateral surface – Transverse processes of the first pair are the largest |
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• Triangular shape
• Articulate superiorly with the apex of the sacrum • Points inferiorly in female and anteriorly and male • Formed by fusion of Co1-Co4. • Dorsal surface: – Coccygeal cornu: • connected to the sacral cornu by ligaments • Are the peduncles and superior articular processes of the first coccygeal vertebra. • Lateral surface – Transverse processes of the first pair are the largest |
Coccyx
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Thoracic cage
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• formed by the sternum, coastal cartilages, ribs, bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
• Flattened from front to back • narrower superiorly and broader inferiorly • Protects thoracic organs and superior abdominal cavity • Provides support for the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs |
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• formed by the sternum, coastal cartilages, ribs, bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
• Flattened from front to back • narrower superiorly and broader inferiorly • Protects thoracic organs and superior abdominal cavity • Provides support for the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs |
Thoracic cage
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Sternum
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• Flat, narrow bone, 15 cm long, located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall
• Consist of three parts: 1. Manubrium: • superior part, articulates with 1st and 2ed coastal cartilages forming sternocoastal joints • Articulates with the clavicle 2. Body: • middle largest part, articulates with 2ed to 7 th ribs 3. Xiphoid process: • inferior part, no ribs attached • Muscular diaphragm and rectus abdominis attach to the xiphoid • Sternal angle: 1. the junction between the body and manubrium • Suprasternal notch: 1. Depression on the superior surface of Manubrium • Clavicular notch: 1. Lateral to suprasternal notch 2. Articulates with the medial clavicle forming sternoclavicular joint |
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• Flat, narrow bone, 15 cm long, located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall
• Consist of three parts: 1. Manubrium: • superior part, articulates with 1st and 2ed coastal cartilages forming sternocoastal joints • Articulates with the clavicle 2. Body: • middle largest part, articulates with 2ed to 7 th ribs 3. Xiphoid process: • inferior part, no ribs attached • Muscular diaphragm and rectus abdominis attach to the xiphoid • Sternal angle: 1. the junction between the body and manubrium • Suprasternal notch: 1. Depression on the superior surface of Manubrium • Clavicular notch: 1. Lateral to suprasternal notch 2. Articulates with the medial clavicle forming sternoclavicular joint |
Sternum
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Ribs
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• 12 pairs, increase in length from the 1st to 7th and then decrease in length to the 12th rib
• articulate posteriorly with its corresponding thoracic vertebrae • 1st to 7th are called true ribs – articulate directly with the sternum by coastal cartilages • 8th to 12th are called false ribs – the cartilages of 8th,9th, and 10th pairs ( also called vertebrochondral ribs) attach to each other and then to the 7th cartilage • 11th and 12th (floating ribs) – do not attach to the sternum at all – attach to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly • Head: – Projection at posterior end of the rib – Consist of one or two facets – The facet of the head fits into a facet on the body of one vertebra or into the demifacets of two adjoining vertebrae • Neck: – Constricted portion lateral to head • Tubercle – Elevation projects dorsally – Contains a facet in the inferior portion, that articulates with the vertebral transverse process • Body: – main part of the rib • Costal angle (angle of rib): – abrupt change in the curvature of the body. • Costal groove: – in the inferior border of the rib, protects blood vessels and nerves • Superficial surface – Convex, provides attachment for muscles of pectoral girdle and trunk – Intercostal muscles attach to the superior and inferior surfaces of the ribs |
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• 12 pairs, increase in length from the 1st to 7th and then decrease in length to the 12th rib
• articulate posteriorly with its corresponding thoracic vertebrae • 1st to 7th are called true ribs – articulate directly with the sternum by coastal cartilages • 8th to 12th are called false ribs – the cartilages of 8th,9th, and 10th pairs ( also called vertebrochondral ribs) attach to each other and then to the 7th cartilage • 11th and 12th (floating ribs) – do not attach to the sternum at all – attach to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly • Head: – Projection at posterior end of the rib – Consist of one or two facets – The facet of the head fits into a facet on the body of one vertebra or into the demifacets of two adjoining vertebrae • Neck: – Constricted portion lateral to head • Tubercle – Elevation projects dorsally – Contains a facet in the inferior portion, that articulates with the vertebral transverse process • Body: – main part of the rib • Costal angle (angle of rib): – abrupt change in the curvature of the body. • Costal groove: – in the inferior border of the rib, protects blood vessels and nerves • Superficial surface – Convex, provides attachment for muscles of pectoral girdle and trunk – Intercostal muscles attach to the superior and inferior surfaces of the ribs |
Ribs
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