Pcc - Bio 231 - Anatomy And Physiology - Exercise 2

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

Front 2

Tissue

Back 2

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

Front 3

Epithelial tissue

Back 3

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
1. Polarized
2. Specialized contacts
3. Supported by connective tissue
4. Avascular but innervated
5. Regenerates
Classified as:
Simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, stratified cubiodal epithelium, and stratified columnar epithelium

Front 4

Simple squamous epithelium

Back 4

Flattened laterally and cytoplasm is sparse. In surface view, the close fitting cells resemble a tiled floor. Thin and often permeable, found where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority. Found in the lungs and kidneys.

Front 5

Endothelium

Back 5

A specialized form of simple squamous epithelium, provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system - blood vessels and the heart. Capillaries consist entirely of this type.

Front 6

Mesothelium

Back 6

A specialized form of simple squamous epithelium, found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

Front 7

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 7

Consists of single layer of cells as tall as they are wide. Spherical nuclei stain darkly, causing the cell layer to look like a string of beads. Important functions are secretion and absorption. Forms the walls of the smallest ducts of glands and of many kidney tubules, as well as the ovary surface

Front 8

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 8

Seens as a single layer of tall, closely packed cells. Lines the digestive tracts from the stomach through the rectum, mostly associated with absorption and secretion. May also display cilia on free surfaces, which helps to move substances or cells through an internal passageway

Front 9

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 9

Cells vary in height. All of its cells rest on the basement membrane, but only the tallest reach the free surface of the epithelium. Because the cell nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane, the tissue gives the false impression that several cell layers are present. Secretes and absobs substances. A ciliated version containing goblet cells lines most of the respiratory tract.

Front 10

Stratified squamous epithelium

Back 10

Most widespread of the stratified epithelia. Composed of several layers, it is thick and well suited for a protective role in the body. Found in areas subjected to wear and tear, and its surface cells are constantly being rubbed away and replaced by division of its basal cells. Depends on diffusion of nutrients from a deeper connective tissue layer, epithelial cells farther from the basement membrane are less viable and those at the apical surface are often flattened and atrophied. Forms the external part of the skin and extends a short distance into every body opening that is directly continuous with the skin.

Front 11

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 11

Quite rare in the body, mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands (sweat glands, mammary glands).

Front 12

Stratified columnar epithelium

Back 12

Has a limited distribution in the body. Small amounts are found in the pharynx, the male urethra, and linging some glandular ducts. Only its apical layer of cells is columnar.

Front 13

Connective tissue

Back 13

Found everywhere in the body, the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues.
1. Common origin; all arise from mesenchyme
2. Degrees of vascularity; varies widely (cartilage is avascular, dense connective tissue is poorly vascularized, and other types have many blood vessels)
3. Extracellular matrix; largely nonliving extracelluar matrix, which separates the living cells of the tissue.
Types:
Connective tissue proper
- Loose connective tissues
-- Areolar, adipose, and reticular
- Dense connective tissues
-- Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic
other types are bone, cartilage, and blood

Front 14

Muscular tissue

Back 14

Highly cellular, well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement.
Three types:
Skeletal muscle: packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs that are attached to the bones of the skeleton; form the flesh of the body. Muscle fibers are long cylindrical cells that contain many nuclei. their obvious banded or striated appearance reflects the precise alignment of their myofilaments
Cardiac muscle is found only in the wall fo the hart. Striated, but are uninucleate and are branching cells that fit together tightls at junciotns called intercalated discs
Smooth muscle has no visible striations. Individual smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped and contain oe centrally located nucleus. Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs other than the heart. (digestive and urinary tract organs, uterus, and blood vessels.)

Front 15

Nervous tissue

Back 15

Main component of the nervous system. Contains mostly neurons and supporting (nonconducting) cells.

Front 16

Organ

Back 16

A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common) that performs a specific function for the body.

Front 17

Organ system

Back 17

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.

Front 18

Integumentary system

Back 18

Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D. Site of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
[Hair, nails, skin]

Front 19

Skeletal system

Back 19

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.
[Bones, joints]

Front 20

Muscular system

Back 20

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat.
[Skeletal muscles]

Front 21

Nervous system

Back 21

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
[Brain, nerves, spinal cord]

Front 22

Endocrine system

Back 22

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
[Pineal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas]

Front 23

Cardiovascular system

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Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
[Heart, blood vessels]

Front 24

Lymphatic system/Immunity

Back 24

Picks up fluid from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic steam; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
[Thymus, lymphatic vessels, spleen]

Front 25

Respiratory system

Back 25

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
[Lungs, Trachea, Larynx]

Front 26

Digestive system

Back 26

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
[Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines]

Front 27

Urinary system

Back 27

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
[Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder]

Front 28

Reproductive system

Back 28

Overall function is production of offspring.
[Ovaries, Testes, Penis]

Front 29

Identify

Back 29

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 30

Identify

Back 30

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 31

Identify

Back 31

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Front 32

Identify

Back 32

Stratified Squamous epithelium

Front 33

Identify

Back 33

Simple Squamous Epithelium