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80 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Saftey issues identified at Bhopal
No emergency plan, safety reduced to cut costs, alarms not working, scrubbers not working, poor training, workers fired for lack of safety, warned against incident before it happened
What was passed due to Bhopal
RTK
Risk
exposure and hazard
Environmental Risks and how to avoid them
1) UV radiation 2) Carbon monoxide 3) disease 4) natural disaster 5) water bourne
occupational risks (5)
1) noise 2) hot oven 3) compressed air 4) machinery 5) electric shock 6) chemicals
personal risk (4)
1) skydiving 2) scuba diving 3) driving 4)drinking
risk assessment
provides info on potential health or ecological risks
risk management
action taken based on risk assessment
Factors of Risk Assessment (6)
scientific, economic, legal, social, political, public values
Administrative Minimizing of Risk (5)
rules, stats, resource allocation, training, manpower
engineering min of risk (6)
1) design of facilities 2) products 3) processes 4) machines 5) ventilation 6) fire alarms
personal protection examples
glasses, aprons, gloves
How to quantify risk
measured as a potential loss and probability of occurrance
exposure
how people become involved with hazards
hazard
situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment
3 types of hazards
active, dormant, armed
dormant
potential for hazard but nothing currently affected
armed
people, property or environment in harms way
active
incident has occurred or is occurring
Stored Energy Hazards
things that could potentially be dangerous
Stored Energy Hazards examples (5)
1) chemical 2) thermal 3) mechanical 4) radioactive 5) electrical
Non energy related hazards examples (4)
1) depleted oxygen 2) confined space 3) repetitive motion 4) awkward position 5) protruding items 6) pinch points
Where are most injuries in workplace
arms and legs (noise)
Energy hazards in workplace (4)
electric, heat, compressed gas, springs
chemical hazard in workplace (6)
vapors, dusts, mist, ingestion, skin contact, eye contact
safety
absence of risk
Risk benefit decisions
must quantify the benefit and risk
Purpose of EPA
encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment
Environmental Justice
the fair distribution of environmental benefits
When was NEPA enacted
Jan 1, 1970
Who enacted NEPA
Nixon
Major events in 1970
Jan 1: NEPA, April 22: Earth Day Dec 2: EPA established Dec 29: OSHA
What does the EPA do
enforce environmental laws
EPA Strategic Plan (5)
1) climate change and air quality 2) water 3) clean up communities and sustainability 4) safety of chemicals and prevent pollution 5) enforcing laws
CERCLA
"a. Provides for liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous sites and the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites"
When was superfund proposed and enacted
1979 and 1980
Good things about administrative controls to clean environment
1) no pollution 2) more R&D to get around regulation
Bad things about administrative controls to clean environment (5)
1) diverts resources from productivity 2) Makes it difficult to evaluate the value of R&D 3) political 4) delays 5) changes R&D
Dilemmas of Regulaton (4)
a) Does not ensure compliance b) sometimes indirect
c) unexpected or undesired responses d) limited resources e) risk/benefit analysis difficult and political f) unfair g) does not protect manufacturers h) may bring difficult risk/benefit questions to a decisive point of closure i) May take long time for review, discussion and risk assessment j) May be tightened or relaxed over time
What must you have do to EPCRA?
emergency plan and info about chemicals
industrial hygience
science of anticipating, recognizing, and controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers injury or illness
When was OSHA formed
1970
Who formed OSHA
Nixon
Why was OSHA formed
workmans safety
Mission of OSHA
Ensure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance
Workers rights under OSHA (6)
i.Receive info and training about hazards, methods to prevent harm, and the OSHA standards that apply to their workplace ii)Observe testing that is done to find hazards in the workplace and get test results iii) Review records of work-related injuries and illnesses iv) Get copies of their medical records v) Request OSHA to inspect their workplace vi) Use their rights under the law free from retaliation and discrimination
Diamond top
red- flammability
Diamond right
yellow- instability
Diamond left
blue- health hazard
diamond bottom
white- special hazard
When was SS published
1962
How many new chemicals each year
500
What did RC believe about insect control
killed everything
what caused the growth of an industry for the production of synthetic chemicals with insecticidal properties
WWII
chief inorganic chemical still used after WWII
arsenic
Is the powder form of DDT is toxic and is readily absorbed through the skin?
no
What is a systemic insecticide
selenium
Are herbicides toxic to both plants and animals?
yes
Which element is present in chimney soot, which is thought to have led to cancer in chimney sweeps in England in the 18th Century?
arsenic
Why did beekeeping in the Southeastern United States almost die out?
crop spraying of insecticides that killed the bees
DDT
Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloro-ethane
At the time of writing Silent Spring, what about DDT did the Food and Drug Administration ban?
Presence in milk that was shipped interstate
How do organic phosphorous-based insecticides work
Destroying key enzymes that moderate the nervous system
Malathion, a common organo phosphorous insecticide, has low toxicity in mammals because…?
detoxification in the kidneys
Nitrification
process of adding nitrogen to soil from the air
Which types of soil are most prone to damage by pesticides?
sandy
What crop screwed of GA peanut farmers?
cotton
When and where was the Japanese beetle imported into the United States
NJ 1916
What is the announced purpose of the program during the fall of 1959 in southeastern Michigan?
control of Jap. beetle
How was the Dutch Elm disease was spread from diseased to healthy trees?
elm bark beetles
threshold dose
observable effect
threshold limit value
lowest dose a response can be detected
physiological half life
the time needed for an organism to eliminate half of internal concentration of pollution
unit risk
risk to an individual from exposure to 1microgram/m^3 of an airborne substance or 10^-9 g/L of waterborne pollutant
unit lifetime risk
risk to an individual from exposure to unit concentrations for 70 years
unit occupation risk
exposure for 2000 hours per year for 47 years
Water pollutants
point and non point
population equivalent
municipal discharge that is equivalent to the amount of untreated discharge contributed by a given number of people
Critical DO
Occurs when stream flow is lowest
How to measure ammonia?
colorimetric