Pcat Review: Vertebrate Embryology

Front 1

Blastulation begins when the morula develops a fluid-filled cavity called the _______, which becomes a hollow sphere of cells called the ______.

Back 1

blastocoel; blastula

Front 2

The ____ is the stage of the embryo that implants in the uterus.

Back 2

blastula

Front 3

Once implanted in the uterus, cell migrations transform the single-cell layer of the blastula into a 3-layered structure called a _______.

Back 3

gastrula (these three primary germ layers are responsible for the differential development of the tissues, organs and systems of the body at later stages of growth)

Front 4

The three primary germ layers in the gastrula are:

Back 4

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Front 5

What do the ectoderm cells differentiate into?

Back 5

integument (epidermis, hair, nails, and epithelium of nose, mouth, and anal canal), lens of the eye, retina, and nervous system

Front 6

What do the endoderm cells differentiate into?

Back 6

epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts (including lungs) and parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining

Front 7

What do the mesoderm cells differentiate into?

Back 7

musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, connective tissue throughout body, and portions of the digestive and respiratory organs

Front 8

________ cells give rise to many components of the peripheral nervous system, including the sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and Schwann cells.

Back 8

neural crest cells

Front 9

Internal development follows the neurulation process and includes:

Back 9

organogenesis, growth, and gametogenesis

Front 10

By the end of gastrulation, regions of the germ layers begin to develop into a rudimentary nervous system; this process is called

Back 10

neurulation

Front 11

______ develop in the mother without a placenta

Back 11

marsupials

Front 12

By the end of the first trimester:

Back 12

most of the organs have formed, the brain is fairly developed, and the embryo is referred to as a fetus

Front 13

By the end of the second trimester:

Back 13

has grown a tremendous amount, begins to move around, face appears human, and its toes and fingers elongate

Front 14

During the third trimester:

Back 14

further brain development and continued rapid growth, antibodies are transported from mother to fetus; by the end, the growth rate slows and the fetus becomes less active bc it has less room to move

Front 15

Which developmental stage has the greatest nuclear-to-cytoplasmic material ratio?

Back 15

the blastula