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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What elements are all living things composed of?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
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Traces of magnesium, iodine, iron, calcium, and other minerals are also components of ________, the substance of life.
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protoplasm
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How are carbohydrates composed? (chemically)
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Carbohydrates are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio, respectively.
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What are carbohydrates used for?
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The are used as storage forms of energy or as structural molecules.
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Name 2 carbohydrates that store energy in animals?
Name 1 that stores energy in plants? |
1. Glucose, glycogen.
2. Starch. |
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Define monosaccharides.
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Single sugar subunits.
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Draw the structural formulas for these monosaccharides:
D-Fructose, D-Glucose, D-Galactose, D-Mannose |
look on page 94
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Define Disaccharides.
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Disaccharides such as maltose and sucrose are composed of two monosaccharide subunits joined by dehydration synthesis, which involves loss of a water molecule.
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Define dehydration sythesis.
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Loss of a water molecule.
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Look at figure 7.2. page 95
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Look at figure 7.2. page 95
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Define Polysaccharides.
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Polysaccharides are polymers or chains fo repeating monosaccharides subunits.
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Are glycogen and starch Polysaccharides or Monosaccharides?
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Polysaccharides.
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Cellulose
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a structural polysaccharide that serves a structural role in planes (cell wall)
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Is cellulose soluble in water? Is starch soluble in water?
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Both are insoluble.
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Dehydration
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Polysaccharides are formed by removing water
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Hydrolysis
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By adding water, large polymers can be broken down into smaller subunits in a process called hydrolysis.
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What does a lipid consist of?
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3 fatty acid molecules bonded toa single glycerol backbone.
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How are lipids composed (chemical structure)?
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composed of C,H, and O, just like carbohydrates but their H:O ratio is much greater than 2:1 because they have much more H than O.
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Fatty acids have long carbon chains that give them their ______ (fatty) character and ________ acid groups that make them acidic.
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1. hydrophobic
2. carboxylic |
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What reaction is required to form one fat molecule?
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Three dehydration reactions
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Do lipids form polymers?
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no
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What is the chief means of food storage in animals?
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Lipids
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Lipids provide insulation and protection against injury because they are a major component of fatty _____ tissue.
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adipose
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Descirbe the chemical structure of Phospholipids
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Conatin glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and nitrogen containing alcohol.
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Describe the chemical structure of waxes. (lipid derivative)
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Esters of fatty acids and monodyroxylic alcohols.
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Steroids (lipid derivative)
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three fused cyclocheaxen rings and one fused cyclopentane ring
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Describe the chemical structure of Carotenoids)
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fatty acid-like carbon chains containing conjugated double bonds and carrying six-membered carbon rings at each end
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compounds that are the pigments that produce red, yellow, orange, and brown colors in plants and animals. Also name 2 subgroups
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1. Carotenoids
2. Carotenes, Xanthophylls |
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Describe the chemical structure of Porphyrins (lipid derivatives)
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Also called tetrapyrroles, contain four joined pyrrole rings. They are often complexed with a metal.
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__________ are polymers of amino acids.
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proteins
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What are proteins composed of?
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C,H,O, and N, but may aslo contain phosphorus and sulfur.
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Amino acids are joined by _______ through ________ reactions.
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1. peptide bonds
2. dehydration reactions |
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Chains of peptide bonds produce a polymer called a _________
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polypeptide or simply peptide
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The sequence of amino acids in a protein is referred to as the ___________
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1st degree/primary structure
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Describe the second degree, secondary structure of proteins
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proteins can coil or fold to form helices and b-pleated sheets
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primarily globular in nature.
They are functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes |
albumins and globulins
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Fibrous protein in nature and act as structural proteins. Collagen is one of these.
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scleroproteins
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These proteins contain a simple protein portion plus at least one nonprotein fraction
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conjugated proteins
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protein bound to lipid
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lipoproteins
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protein bound to carbohydrate
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mucoproteins
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protein bound to pigmented molecules
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chromoproteins
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protein complexed around a metal ion
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metalloproteins
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protein containin ghistone or protamine (nuclear protein) bound to nucleic acids
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nucleoproteins
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These are proteins that function as chemical messengers secreted into circulation. Insulin and ACTH are these protein.
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Hormones
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These are biological ctalysts that act by increasing the reate of chemical reactions important for biological functions (amylase, lipase, ATPase)
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enzymes
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these contribute to the physcial support of a cell or tissue. They may be extracellular (collagen in cartilage, bone, and tendons) or intracellular (proteins in cell membranes)
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structural proteins
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These are carriers of important materials. For example, hemoglobin carrier oxygen in the circulation, and the cytochromes carry electrons during cellular respiration.
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transport proteins
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these bind to foreign paticles (antigens), including disease-causing organisms, that have entered the body
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antibodies
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What is a catalyst?
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any substance that affects the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed.
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Enzymes are crucial to living thigns because all living systems must have ________ chemical activity.
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continuous-controlled
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how are enzymes and metabolism connected.
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Enzymes regulate metabolism by speeding up or slowing down certain chemical reactions. They affect the reacticon rate by decreasing the activation energy.
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Many enzymes are conjugated proteins and have a non proten _______ . In these cases, both components must be present of rthe enzyme to function.
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coenzymes.
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Enzymes are very ______ they may catalyze only one reaction or one specific class of closely related reactions.
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selective
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