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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True/False
An endocrine disorder classified as primary hyposecretion would result from too little tropic hormone being released. |
False. secondary
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True/False
Steroid hormones are nonpolar and usually circulate in the blood in a protein-bound form. |
True
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True/False
Trabecular (cancellous / spongy) bone has a much greater strength-to-weight ratio and surface area than cortical bone. |
True
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True/False
The enzyme 1-alpha-hydroxylase is located in hepatic microsomes. |
False. 25-hydroxy-Vit D
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True/False
The active form of Vitamin D [1-,25-(OH)2-D] increases parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. |
False. 25-hydroxy-Vitamin D increases
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True/False
Hypocalcemia can result in spontaneous contractions, seizures, and tetany. |
True
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True/False
Plasma acidosis can result in an increase in free plasma calcium levels. |
True
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True/False
The leading cause of hypocalcemia is primary hyperparathyroidism. |
False. hypercalcemia
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The arrangement of concentric layers of lamellar bone and lecunae oriented around a central canal containing blood vessels is known as a/an ________________ and is the structural unit of the Haversian System.
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osteon
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True/False
The osteoblasts have cellular processes that run through the canaliculi to transfer calcium from the interior of the osteon to cells on the surface. |
False. The osteocytes
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True/False
The balanced process of removing old bone and replacement with new bone is referred to as coupling. |
True
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A lack of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) would be an example of a __________ (primary, secondary, tertiary) hyposecretion type of endocrine disorder.
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secondary
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True/False
Thyroid hormones and the catecholamines are derived from cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene. |
False. amino acid tyrosine.
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True/False
An example of secondary hyposecretion causing an endocrine disorder would be a lack of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). |
True
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The structural unit of the Haversian System of bone that consists of concentric layers of lamellar bone arranged around a central canal containing blood vessels is referred to as a/an ______________.
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osteon
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The cell type that secretes Type 1 collagen to form an organic matrix during bone remodeling is the _______________.
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osteoblast
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The organ responsible for the enzymatic (1-alpha-hydroxylase) production of the active form of Vitamin D is the __________.
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kidney
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The hormone that antagonizes the action of calcitonin is ___________.
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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Acidosis _________ (increases/decreases) the amount of protein-bound plasma calcium.
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decreases
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The organ responsible for the enzymatic production of the 25-OH-Vit D form (inactive) of Vitamin D is the ____________.
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liver
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Alkalosis __________ (increases/decreases) the amount of protein-bound plasma calcium.
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increases
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True/False
Paget's Disease is also called nutritional rickets. |
False. is also called bone remodeling disorder.
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Concerning Type I primary osteoporosis, which of the following is FALSE:
a. characterized by bone loss mainly in the trabecular compartment b. reduced bone mass can lead to fractures after minimal trauma c. results in enhanced bone fragility due to bone not being fully calcified d. has been called a silent epidemic e. all of the above are true |
c. results in enhanced bone fragility due to bone not being fully calcified
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The cell-type that lays down new bone matrix is the ___________.
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osteoblast
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The organ responsible for the enzymatic (1-alpha-hydroxylase) production of the active form of Vitamin D is the ____________.
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kidney
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True/False
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteocytic osteolysis. |
True
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The renal enzyme that converts 25-OH-Vit D to the active form is ________________.
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1-alpha-hydroxylase
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True/False
The most important regulatory compound affecting the absorption of calcium from the GI tract is PTH. |
is Vitamin D.
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True/False
Type I osteoporosis results in bone loss mainly in the trabecular compartment and is closely related to the postmenopausal loss of ovarian function. |
True
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True/False
Tropic hormones are classical hormones produced by the anterior pituitary. |
True
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True/False
Vitamin D is considered to be a steroid hormone. |
True
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True/False
The rate-limiting step determines the rate at which an enzymatic reaction occurs; thereby limiting the synthesis of end product. |
True
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True/False
Peptides are water soluble and therefore able to diffuse freely across the cell membrane. |
False. cannot diffuse
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T/F?
An example of short-loop feedback control of endocrine secretion would be the action of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) on the hypothalamus. |
False
long-loop feedback (short-loop includes corticoids or dopamine) |
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T/F?
An example of a secondary hypersecretion endocrine disorder would be secretion of too much thyrotropin. |
False. tertiary
primary: too much T3 and T4 secondary: TSH tertiary: TRH |
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Stored in vesicles
a. Protein hormones b. Steroid hormones c. Both protein and steroid hormones |
a. Protein hormones
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The plasma half-life is long; in the order of hours to days
a. Protein hormones b. Steroid hormones c. Both protein and steroid hormones |
b. Steroid hormones
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Bind to proteinaceous receptors to activate downstream signaling mechanisms
a. Protein hormones b. Steroid hormones c. Both protein and steroid hormones |
c. Both protein and steroid hormones
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True/False
Type II osteoporosis results in loss of mainly trabecular bone and is closely related to the postmenopausal loss of ovarian function. |
False. Type I
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True/False
Calcium homeostasis involves a balance between three variables: intake (diet), excretion (urine/feces), and exchange with a reservoir (bone). |
True
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True/False
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates the production of 1,25-(OH)2-Vitamin D. |
True
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True/False
Paget's disease is due to Vitamin D deficiency. |
False. Ricket's
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True/False
Hypercholesterolemia is a classic feature of hyperthyroidism. |
False. hypothyroidism.
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True/False
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary. |
True
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True/False
Thyroid hormones exert their action by binding to cell-membrane receptors of target cells. |
False. intracellular receptors
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True/False
T3 and T4 have negative feedback effects on the hypothalamus and pituitary. |
True
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True/False
Paget's disease is characterized by low bone mass, microarchitectual deterioration of the bone tissue, and elevated plasma levels of calcium and phosphate. |
False. decreased plasma levels
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True/False
The formation of the active form of Vitamin D is accomplished by the action of 25-alpha-hydroxylase in the kidney. |
False. 1-alpha
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True/False
A major way to initiate the bone remodeling process is exercise. |
True
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True/False
The stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is increased plasma calcium levels. |
False. decreased
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True/False
The giant multinucleated cells that use enzymes and acid to create a resorption cavity during bone remodeling are called osteoblasts. |
False. osteoclasts.
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True/False
T4 is 3 to 4 times more potent than T3. |
False. T3 is
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True/False
The primary cause of hypocalcemia is adenoma of one or more of the parathyroid glands. |
False. hypercalcemia
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Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is/are FALSE:
a. derived from the cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene ring b. are nonpolar c. tend to be water soluble d. usually circulate bound to protein in the blood e. all of the above are true |
c. tend to be water soluble
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True/False
Thryotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and directly stimulates the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. |
False. TSH is
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True/False
Myxedema is a symptom of impending thryotoxic crisis. |
False. hypothyroidism.
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True/False
Hypocholesterolemia is a classic feature of hypothyroidism. |
False. hyperthyroidism.
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True/False
Thyroid hormones bind to cell membrane receptors of target tissues. |
False. intracellular receptors
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T/F?
An endocrine disorder classified as primary hyposecretion would result from too little tropic hormone being released. |
false. secondary
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|
True/False
Steriod hormones are nonpolar and usually circulate in the blood in a protein-bound form. |
True
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|
Which of the following is/are FALSE concerning Vitamin D?
a. it is hydroxylated and concentrated in the liver b. it is hydroxylated in the kidney to one of two forms c. hydoxylation in position 1 produces the form with the most biological activity (1, 25-(OH)2-D) d. Vitamin D binds to target cell membrane receptors to initiate its action e. all of the above are false |
d. Vitamin D binds to target cell membrane receptors to initiate its action
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Concerning the process that is involved in removing calcium from the interior of cortical bone and is crucial to plasma calcium homeostasis, which of the following is False:
a. calcium is removed from the surrounding bone by osteoclast that are trapped in small chambers within the Haversian system of cortical bone b. the small chambers that house the cells responsible for this process are referred to as the lacunae c. this process is referred to as osteolytic osteolysis |
a. calcium is removed from the surrounding bone by osteoclast that are trapped in small chambers within the Haversian system of cortical bone
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Concerning primary osteoporosis, which of the following is TRUE:
a. results in bone that is weak due to not being fully calcified b. Afro-American, Hispanic, and American Indian women are at the highest risk c. is a preventable condition d. it is a disease of women only e. none of the above are true |
c. is a preventable condition
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Concerning parathyroid hormone (PTH), which of the following is False:
a. causes an increase in calcium resorption by the renal tubules b. stimulates osteocytic osteolysis c. stimulates osteoclastic resorption of bone d. is produced by the parafollicular cells e. none of the above |
d. is produced by the parafollicular cells
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T/F?
Hormones of pregnancy tend to indirectly decrease parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. |
True
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T/F?
Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis is referred to as Type II osteoporosis. |
False. secondary
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The medical term for a delay in, or failure of, mineralization of the bone matrix (adult rickets) is _______________.
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osteomalacia
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T/F?
The main cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a single adenoma of the parathyroid glands. |
True
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T/F?
Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. |
False. Calcitonin
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Which of the following is NOT an action of Vitamin D:
a. increase calcium absorption from the gut b. stimulate bone resorption c. increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) plasma levels d. stimulate mineralization of new bone e. all of the above are action of Vitamin D |
c. increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) plasma levels
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Concerning Type I osteoporosis, which of following is FALSE:
a. it is a disease affecting 70% of females over age 80 b. it usually affects thin women of small stature c. it is a preventable condition d. bone loss occurs mainly inside the vertebrae and ends of long bone e. it is closely related to the postmenopausal loss of ovarian function |
a. it is a disease affecting 70% of females over age 80
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T/F?
Glucocorticoids increase the absorption of calcium from the GI tract. |
False. decrease
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Hypercalcemia resulting from metastatic disease associated with carcinoma of the lungs, breast, and kidneys, would produce __________ (increased, decreased, normal) plasma PTH levels
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decreased
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There are four main physiological functions of calcium. Which of the following is NOT one of the four we discussed in class?
a. Neural transmission b. Muscle transmission c. Temperature regulation d. Blood clotting e. Bone and teeth formation |
c. Temperature regulation
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When plasma levels of calcium drop to a very low level, what subsequent response will occur?
a. The body will metabolize the calciferol b. The body will convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to dihydoxycholecalciferol c. The body will secrete calcitonin and liberate calciferols d. The body will secrete Parathyroid Hormone and activate 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D e. The body does not respond to low plasma levels of calcium since this is not a concern |
d. The body will secrete Parathyroid Hormone and activate 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D
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T/F?
The osteoblasts have cellular processes that run through the canaliculi to transfer calcium from the interior of the osteon to cells on the surface. |
False. osteocytes
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The cell type that secretes Type 1 collagen to form an organic matrix during bone remodeling is the _______________.
|
osteoblast
|
|
True/False
Neurohormones are chemical agents that are released from neurons directly into the bloodstream where they are transported to remote sites to induce a biological response. |
True
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True/False
Hormones must go through a series of steps in order to produce an active substance from the inactive protein. This series of steps is Pre-Pro hormone --> Prohormone --> Active protein hormone |
True
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True/False
The majority of the calcium in the body is immobilized as the mineral hydroxyapatite in teeth and bones. |
False. analog in bones only.
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True/False
The type of rickets associated with severe renal failure falls under the category of nutritional rickets. |
False. metabolic rickets
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T/F?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions to increase plasma calcium levels. |
True
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T/F?
Secondary osteoporosis is referred to as Type II osteoporosis. |
False
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The danger of metastatic disease (associated with carcinoma of the lungs, breast, kidneys) is the production of hypocalcemia.
|
False. hypercalcemia.
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Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland that control other endocrine glands are referred to as _________hormones.
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Tropic
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Concerning the structure of bone, the ___________ System consist of osteons made up of concentric layers of lamellar bone arranged around a central canal containing blood vessels.
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Haversian
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The hormone that antagonizes the actions of parathyroid hormone is ____________.
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calcitonin
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|
T/F?
Paget's Disease is also called nutritional rickets. |
False
|
|
Concerning Type I primary osteoporosis, which of the following is FALSE:
a. characterized by bone loss mainly in the trabecular compartment b. reduced bone mass can lead to fractures after minimal trauma c. results in enhanced bone fragility due to bone not being fully calcified d. has been called a silent epidemic e. all of the above are true |
c. results in enhanced bone fragility due to bone not being fully calcified
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The acute exacerbation of all of the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis is referred to as ______________ (either of two terms).
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thyroid storm or thyrotoxic crisis
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True/False
T4 is 3 to 4 times more potent than T3. |
False. T3 is 3 to 4 times more potent than T4.
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Bind to response elements and act as transcription factors
A. Amino acid hormones B. Peptide hormones C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones E. Steroid hormones |
E. Steroid hormones
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Have a relatively complicated synthetic process which takes between 30-60 minutes
A. Amino acid hormones B. Peptide hormones C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones E. Steroid hormones |
C. Protein hormones
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Are soluble in plasma
A. Amino acid hormones B. Peptide hormones C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones E. Steroid hormones |
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
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Synthesized from tyrosine in just two or three enzymatic steps
A. Amino acid hormones B. Peptide hormones C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones E. Steroid hormones |
A. Amino acid hormones
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Bind to intracellular receptors to form a receptor-hormone complex C
A. Amino acid hormones B. Peptide hormones C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones E. Steroid hormones |
E. Steroid hormones
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Stored in vesicles containing active hormone and zymogen
A. Amino acid hormones B. Gause hormones C. Protein/peptide hormones D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones E. Steroid hormones |
C. Protein/peptide hormones
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The first step in synthesis is conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
A. Amino acid hormones B. Peptide hormones C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones E. Steroid hormones |
E. Steroid hormones
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The plasma half-life and the duration of effects are long; in terms of hours to days
A. Amino acid hormones B. Peptide hormones C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones E. Steroid hormones |
E. Steroid hormones
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Are typically composed of less than 20 amino acids
A. Amino acid hormones B. Peptide hormones C. Protein hormones D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones E. Steroid hormones |
B. Peptide hormones
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T/F?
Hypercholesterolemia is a classic feature of hyperthyroidism. |
False
|