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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Who made the microscope |
Hans and Zacharius Jassen - 1590. Two convex lenses wooden tube. |
Names date description |
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Robert Hooke |
1663. Invented compound microscope in form we know today (mounted it and provided light source and adjustment knob) observed cork and coined term cell. |
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Anton Van Leuwenhock |
1674 - Discovered little animals (bacteria) with microscope |
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Robert Brown |
1801 - Discovered Nucleus |
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Schleiden and Schwann |
1838 - Proposed cell theory 1 and 2, realised both animals and plants have cells |
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Rudolf Virchow |
1855 - Cell theory 3, disproved spontaneous generation |
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Levels of Orgainisation |
Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → orgainism |
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Animal Cell |
Cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria |
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Plant Cell |
Cell wall, vacuole (large), chloroplast |
Just unique stuff |
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Cytoplasm |
Liquid in which the parts of the cell are suspended. Allows chemical reactions to take place |
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Nucleus |
Control centre of the cell, RNA and DNA stored here |
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Cell Membrane |
Regulates what enters and leaves cell |
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Chloroplasts |
Site of photosynthesis |
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Vacuole |
Stores minerals, salts, sugars, and amino acids |
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Cell Wall |
Provides support and structure for the cell |
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Centrioles |
Allows cell to carry out mitosis |
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Cytoskeleton |
Keeps organelles in place |
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Mitochondria |
Powerhouse of the cell. Site of respiration |
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Lysomes |
Destroys foreign invaders or old/damaged organelles |
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Golgi Body |
Processes products coming in and out of cell |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Connection of pathways between nucleus and cell |
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Ribosomes |
Protein synthesis |
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Eucaryotic Cell |
Bound organelles, genetic material contained within nucleus |
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Procaryotic Cell |
Do not have genetic material separated from cytoplasm |
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Organic Compounds |
Chemical substances that are synthesised by living things. Contain C and H. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins |
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Inorganic Compounds |
Part of the inanimate, non living world. Do not contain C combined with H. Mineral salts, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen. |
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Carbohydrates |
Organic molecule. Formula - Cx (H2O)y |
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Sugars |
Source of quick energy. Used in respiration. Form of energy that a cell needs to carry out its functions. |
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Monosaccarides |
Simple sugars consisting of single units. Glucose, fructose. |
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Disaccarides |
Complex sugars consisting of two units. Sucrose (glucose + fructose) |
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Polysaccarides |
Complex polymers consisting of more than 5 units. |
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Cellulose |
Poly. Structural part of cell walls. Joins with lignin binds cell walls. |
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Starch |
Poly. Stored energy in plant cells. Insoluble |
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Glycogen |
Form of stored energy in granules in animal cells. Insoluble |
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Lipids |
Contain C, H, and few O. Insoluble/water repelant. Made of glycerol molecule to which fatty acids attatch. Fats - animals, oils - plants. |
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Lipids Use |
Structural part of membrane. Biological fuel - large quantities of energy. Stored in cytoplasm as oil or fat droplets. |
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Proteins/Amino acids |
Proteins - large complex macromolecules made up of long chains of amino acids. Each chain is called a polypeptide. C, H, O, N. Amini acids held together by peptide bonds. Polypeptides twisted in particular shape to form proteins. 20 amino acids the sequence of which determines the protein formed. |
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Protein Use |
Structural compenents of cells. Regulate what enters and leaves cells (carrier proteins). |
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Phospholipid Bilayer |
Hydrophilic phosphate Glycerol Hydrophobic fatty acids Makes up cell membrane. Carbohydrate chains poke out of it, transport proteins hover in it. |
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Passive Movement |
The movement of material in and out of cells that requires no energy input. |
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Active Movement |
Movement in and out of cell which requires energy input. |
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Diffusion |
The movement of any molucule across a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. E.g oxygen diffuses from air into lungs, from cells of lungs to blood capilleries of lungs. Carbon dioxide diffuses from air to leaves. |
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Facilitated Diffusion |
Method of moving large or electrically charged molecules that cannot pass through the membrane unaided along the concentration gradient. Absorption of mineral salts. |
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Channel Protein |
Fast. Direct passage from one side of cell membrane to another. Designed for specific type of molecule. Can open and close based on electrical or physical signals. |
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Carrier Protein |
Binds with solute then changes shape to move it to other side of membrane. Slower as proteins may become saturated. |
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Osmosis |
Movement of water molecules across concentratiom gradient. Passive. Water is charged therefore moves through protein channels in all membranes called aquaporrin. Semi permeable membrane. Affected by solute concentration and pressure. |
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Active Transport |
Movement of molecules against concentration gradient. E.g reabsorption of glucose by kidneys. Requires energy input. |
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SA:V |
Ratio of surface area to volume of an object. SA amount of object exposed to its surroundings, V amount of space which an object occupies. |
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Starch Test |
Iodine. Positive Purple/black |
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Glucose Test |
Benedicts Solution. Heat - water bath. Positive orange/red |
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Protein Test |
Biruets - 5 drops sodium hydroxide, 3 drops copper sulfate. Positive purple. |
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Lignin Test |
5 drops toluidine blue. Positive blue/green. |
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Chloride Ions Test |
5 drops silver nitrate. Positive white precipate forms. |
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Lipids Test |
Brown paper. Positive transperant. |
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Organic Nutrients |
Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, nucleotides, vitamins. Stored energy and structure. |
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Inorganic Nutrients |
Minerals, phosphates, sodium ions, chloride ions, water. Structure. E.g. phosphate in phospholipid bilayer. |
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Autotrophs |
Produce their own food through photo/chemosynthesis. Use energy from breaking chemical bonds to power their food making. |
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Heterotrophs |
Unable to make their own food. Must take in organic and inorganic nutrients by eating other orgainisms. |
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Requirements for Photosynthesis |
CO2, H2O, chlorophyll, light |
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Fossil Fuels and Photosynthesis |
Fossil fuels are formed from photosynthetic orgainisms as a result of immense pressure over time. |
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Photosynthesis is... |
A series of biochemical reactions |
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Photosynthesis - Light Phase |
Energy of sun is captured by chlorophyll in thylakoids. Energy is sufficient to excite an electron to a higher level of energy and break away from chloroplast molecule. Happens when is exposed to light. Does either - split water into H used in next phase and O makes O2 gas and is released OR used to form ATP high energy compound which provides cell with energy |
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Photosynthesis - Dark Phase |
Uses CO2 and H from light phase no chlorophyll or light. CO2 and H combine to form glucose (calvin cycle). ATP produced in last stage provides energy for this and is incorparated into new sugar compounds. Then converted to starch to be stored. |
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Cell Theory Point 1 |
All living things are made of cells |
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Cell Theory Point 2 |
Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of orgainisms |
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Cell Theory Point 3 |
All cells are made from pre-existing cells |
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