Patology Exam 1 - Neoplasm

Front 1

Cystic Hygroma

Back 1

Lympangioma around neck (commonly associated with Turner's syndrome)

Front 2

Where are Dermoid Cysts found?

What is a teratoma?

Back 2

Benign teratoma in ovary

Teratoma contain elements of all three germ cell lines.

Front 3

What is Desmoid?

Desmoids are commonly found in...

Back 3

Abdominal Fibromatosis

Women who has recently underwent C-section.

Front 4

What is hamartoma?

Back 4

Tumor that is in the right place but contains wrong structure. (Ex - Tumor in lung that is made up of vessels, bronchial tissue and lymphoid tissue)

Front 5

What is Choristoma?

Back 5

Tumor in wrong place but around right structure.

Examples: Ectopic rest of adrenals at the base of kidney.

Front 6

What is chordoma?

Back 6

Benign tumor originating from embroynic remnants of the primitive notochord.

Front 7

Which stain is used to visualize adenocarcinomas?

Back 7

Mucicarmine or PAS

Front 8

List two types of polyps?

Back 8

Pednucleated - Has a stalk

Sessile - Doesn't have a stalk (its flat)

Front 9

Chordoma

Back 9

Benign tumor originating from embroynic remnants of the primitive notochord

Front 10

Most tumors in kids are called...

Back 10

blastomas

Front 11

What does Acute Leukemia cells called? What do they contain?

Back 11

Called blasts, immature cells having immature chromatin and nucleoli)

Front 12

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

Back 12

Premyelocytes have lost of granules that if released through therapy can cause DIC

Front 13

What is a desmoplasia?

Back 13

Abundant collagenous connective tissue stroma stimulated by neoplasm.

Front 14

What kind of stain is used for mucin?

Back 14

Mucicarmine

PAS (carbohydrates in the mucus)

Front 15

Fibroma versus Fibroadenoma

Back 15

Fibroma - Benign tumor of fibroblasts (abundant collagen)

Fibroadenoma - benign tumor of breast tissue

Front 16

Benign and malignant tumor of plasma cells is called?

Lymphocytes

Leukocytes

Back 16

Plasmacytoma and Multiple myeloma

Lymphoma

Leukemia

Front 17

Name the benign and malignant carcinomas associated with these tissues?

Placental epithelium
Tumors of Melanocytes

Back 17

Placental epithelium-Hydatidiform mole and Choriocarcinoma

Tumors of Melanocytes - Nevus and Malignant Melanoma

Front 18

What are...

Hepatoma
Melanoma
Seminoma

Back 18

Hepatoma-Carcinoma arising from hepatocytes
Melanoma-Carcinoma arising from Melanocytes (benign is called nevus)
Seminoma-Carcinoma arising from testicular cells

Front 19

What is HUMARA? and it is used for?

Back 19

HUMARA - Human Androgen Receptor Gene

Used to test monoclonality in neoplasms

Over 90% of popolulation shows polymorphism for this allel. However, Tumors show same allel, confirming the monoclonal neoplasm and non-random X-inactivation theory for tumors.

Front 20

Dysplasia of cervix is due to...and it is called?

Back 20

HPV and it is called Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Front 21

treatment strategy for acute premyelocytic leukemia?

Back 21

Retinoic acid (stimulates cell growth and eventual death)

Front 22

Common childhood tumors?

Back 22

WARNR

Wilm's tumor, Acute Leukemia, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Retinoblastoma, Neuroblastoma

Front 23

Autosomal Dominant Tumors

Back 23

BRHMNN FML

Breast and ovarian cancer
Retinoblastoma
Hereditary Polyposis cancer
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Neurofibromatosis
Nevoid Basal cell carcinoma

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Melanoma
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

Front 24

List the four types of cells that are most likely to cause cancer when damaged?

Back 24

(1) Tumor suppresor gene (2) DNA repair gene (3) Apoptosis gene (4) Proto-oncogene

Front 25

Haploinsufficiency

Back 25

Loss of function of a recessive gene caused by damage to SINGLE allele is called haploinsufficiency.

Front 26

Groups of CDK Inhibitors

Back 26

Cip/kip family

INK4/ARF family (Inhibitor of kinase 4/alternative reading frame)

Front 27

Three components of cip/kip family are...

Function?

Back 27

p21 (regualted by p53)
p27 (regualted by TGNb)
p57

Block all CDK-Cyclin complexes (broad inhibitors)

Front 28

Two types of INK4a/ARF CDK inhibitors?

Back 28

p16INK4a - Inhibits CDK4-CyclinD complex (prevents Rb from being phosphorylating)

p14ARF (increases p52 levels by inhibiting MDM2)

Front 29

p53 is feedback regulated by...

Back 29

MDM2 (MDM2 levels go up due to p14ARF)

Front 30

How does p53 impact cyclin-CDK complexes?

Back 30

p53 upregulated p21, which inhibits CDK4-CyclinD complex.

Front 31

What is the function of ATM?

Back 31

Atexia Telengiectesia Mutated

Detects double-stranded DNA breaks and upregulated p53 levels.

Front 32

p53 stops cell cycle via...

Back 32

p21 - which blocks cdk4-cyclinD complex formation.

GADD45 - which inhibits CDK1

Front 33

Which genes code for PDGF and FGF?

Back 33

PDGF - c-sis

FGF - hst1 and int2

Front 34

What is leukocoria?

Back 34

White pupil finding in children with Retinoblastoma.

Front 35

List two viruses that stop pRB from binding to E2F?

Back 35

SV40 and HPV E7

Front 36

Hallmark of defective DNA mismatch repair?

Example of a Syndrome?

Back 36

Microsatellite instability

Hereditary nonpolyposis cancer syndrome

Front 37

Germline mutations in which genes are associated with Hereditary nonpolyposis cancer syndrome?

Back 37

MSH1, MSH6, MLH1, PMS and PMS2

Front 38

Which syndrome is example of nucleotide excision repair defect?

Back 38

Xeroderma pigmentosa

Front 39

How does APC work?

Back 39

APC binds to beta-catenin and degrades it. (beta-catenin is transcription factor).

Binding of WNT to WNT receptor results in separation of beta-catenin from APC and transcription begins.

IN the absence of WNT, APC degrades beta-catenin. In the absence of APC, beta-catenin is constitutively active (and hence c-oncogene)

Front 40

List three cancers associated with homologous recombination defect?

Back 40

Ataxia Telengiectesia
Fanconi's anemia
Bloom's syndrome

Front 41

List three possible mechanism via which viruses can cause cancer?

Back 41

(1) Acute transforming viruses -Carry their own v-oncogene through a process called transduction.

Slow transforming viruses activate p-oncogene through a process called insertional mutagenesis.

Other retroviruses carry unique genes that can cause cancer.

Front 42

Explain Transduction and Insertional Mutagenesis? (regarding retroviruses)

Back 42

Transduction - Process by which acute transforming viruses carry v-oncogenes and cause caner.

Insertional Mutagenesis - Process by which slow transforming viruses activate p-oncogenes and cause cancer.