Pathophysiology Unit 1 Exam

Front 1

What is hypertrophy?

Back 1

an increase in SIZE of individual cells resulting in a tissue mass

Front 2

Give an example of hypertrophy

Back 2

enlarged muscle mass due to exercise

Front 3

What causes hypertrophy?

Back 3

excessive hormonal stimulation, additional work by the muscle

Front 4

What is hyperplasia?

Back 4

an increase in NUMBER of cells, resulting in a tissue mass

Front 5

What causes hyperplasia?

Back 5

a compensatory mechanism to meet increases demands, or a hormonal imbalance

*mark increased risk of cancer

Front 6

What is atrophy?

Back 6

A decrease in SIZE of cells, resulting in reduced tissue mass.

Front 7

What are some causes of atrophy?

Back 7

malnutrition, hormonal stimulation, aging

Front 8

Give an example of atrophy

Back 8

shrinkage of skeletal muscle that occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast for several weeks

Front 9

What is metaplasia?

Back 9

When one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.

Front 10

What causes metaplasia

Back 10

a deficit of vitamin A, as adaptive mechanism that provides for more resistant tissue

Front 11

Give an example of metaplasia?

Back 11

A smoker's lung changing from normal ciliated columnar cells to the most resilient stratified squamous

Front 12

What is dysplasia?

Back 12

tissue in which cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present and the rate of mitosis is increased

Front 13

What causes dysplasia?

Back 13

chronic irritation or infection, or it may be a precancerous change

Front 14

Name a widely used test used to screen for dysplasia

Back 14

Pap smear

Front 15

What is anaplasia?

Back 15

cells that are undifferentiated and have variable nuclei and cell structure, and numerous mitotic figures

Front 16

What is anaplasia most often associated with

Back 16

malignancy and is the basis for grading a tumor

Front 17

Tumors are also referred to as ______

Back 17

neoplasms of "new growth"

Front 18

Benign tumors are only dangerous when found in what structure of the body?

Back 18

the brain

Front 19

What is apoptosis?

Back 19

programmed cell death in which cells self-destruct, digesting themselves enzymatically

Front 20

The most common cause of injurty is ischemia. What is ischemia, and what does it do?

Back 20

deficit of oxygen in the cells. the deficit interferes with cellular metabolism.

Front 21

What is hypoxia?

Back 21

reduced oxygen in the tissues

Front 22

What structures of the body are most harmed when hypoxia occurs?

Back 22

brain, heart, kidney

Front 23

What effect does reduced oxygen in tissues (hypoxia) have on the body?

Back 23

interferes with ATP production in the cell leading to a loss of sodium pump, thus increasing sodium ions inside of the cell. This leads to swelling and eventually rupturing of the cell membrane

Front 24

How does radiation exposure damage cells?

Back 24

it interferes with the blood supply or by directly altering their chemical constituents, creating toxic materials in the cells or by changing the DNA

Front 25

Which type of necrosis occurs when brain tissue dies or in certain bacterial infections in which a cavity or ulcer develops?

Back 25

Liquefaction necrosis

Front 26

What is liquefaction necrosis?

Back 26

the liquefaction of dead cells under the influence of certain enzymes

Front 27

What is coagulative necrosis?

Back 27

occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured

Front 28

Coagulative necrosis is usually associated with what disorder?

Back 28

mycoardial infarction (heart attack)

Front 29

What is caseous necrosis?

Back 29

a form of coagulation necrosis in which thick, yellowish, cheesy substance form?

Front 30

Caseous necrosis is usually associated with what disorder

Back 30

TB

Front 31

Define infarction

Back 31

applied to an area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen

Front 32

What is gangrene?

Back 32

an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

Front 33

Brain cell death occurs in ____ minutes while heart muscle death can survive for as long as _______ minutes.

Back 33

brain cells: 4-5 minutes
heart muscle cell: 30 minutes

Front 34

Somatic cell death occurs when ________ occurs.

Back 34

brain cell death occurs

Front 35

There are two major types of defense mechanism. Name them.

Back 35

specific and non-specific

Front 36

What is the first line of defense in the inflammation response? Is it specific or non-specific?

Back 36

protection by a mechanical barrier such as a mucous membrane of the skin

It is nonspecific

Front 37

What is the second line of defense in the inflammation response? specific or non-specific?

Back 37

phagocytosis-a process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy cell debris, bacteria, and foreign matter.

nonspecific

Front 38

Name the two "vulture cells"

Back 38

neutrophils and macrophages

Front 39

What are interferons?

Back 39

nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses

Front 40

The arterial end of the capillary utilizes ____ pressure, while the venous end utilizes _____ pressure

Back 40

hydrostatic, osmotic

Front 41

Source and major action of histamines

Back 41

mast cell granules
make up the "vascular response"- immediate vasodilation, and increased permeability to form exudate

Front 42

What is the chemical response?

Back 42

chemotaxis

Front 43

Which chem. mediator makes up the later response of vasodilation and increased permeability, and chemotaxis? What is its source?

Back 43

leukotrienes, arachdonic acid

Front 44

What inflammatory reaction causes swelling or edema?

Back 44

shifting of protein and fluid into the interstitial space

Front 45

What causes pain in the inflammatory response?

Back 45

increase pressure of fluid on the nerves

Front 46

What are pyrogens? Name a pryogen

Back 46

fever producers

interleukin-1

Front 47

What is meant by "shift to the left"?

Back 47

an increase in immature neutrophils

Front 48

What may be elevated in the blood in the presence of severe inflammation and necrosis?

Back 48

cell enzymes and isoenzymes (more specific forms)

Front 49

The c-reactive protein in a diagnostic test indicates ___

Back 49

acute inflammation and necrosis within 24-48 hours

Front 50

Extensive necrosis may lead to ____

Back 50

ulcers

Front 51

List several characteristics of chronic inflammation in comparison to acute inflammation

Back 51

more lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts
-more tissue destruction
-granuloma forms

Front 52

Name the actions and adverse effects of Aspirin (ASA)

Back 52

anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic

allergy, delays blood clotting, nausea, stomach ulcers and bleeding

Front 53

Name the actions and effects of acetaminophen

Back 53

analgesic and antipyretic (DOES NOT diminish the inflammatory response)

kidney and liver damage in high doses

Front 54

Name the actions and adverse effects of NSAIDs

Back 54

anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic

allergy, delays blood clotting, nausea, stomach ulcers and bleesing

Front 55

Name the actions and adverse effects of glucorticoids

Back 55

anti-inflammatory, decreased immune response

increased risk of infection, blood pressure and edema, osteoporosis and skeletal muscle wasting

Front 56

What is the major action of fibroblasts?

Back 56

produce collage for strength and repair, as well as macrophages which produce cytokines which act to stimulate epithelial cell proliferation and migration

Front 57

What is a contracture?

Back 57

deformity of a joint

Front 58

A patient has a burn. It is red in color, painful, but it heals without scar tissue. What type of burn is it?

Back 58

partial-thickness, or first degree burn

Front 59

A patient has a burn. It is red, blistered and heals by regeneration. What type of burn is it?

Back 59

deep partial thickness burn (second degree burn)

Front 60

A patient has a burn. All layers of the skin are destroyed and there is damaged tissue (eschar). Skin grafts are evident. What type of burn is it?

Back 60

Full-thickness, (third or fourth degree burn)

Front 61

What happens to your system in the presence of carbon monoxide?

Back 61

the CO binds with hemoglobin, taking the place of needed oxygen

Front 62

A serious infection in the body poses the risk of ______

Back 62

septic shock

Front 63

When does hypermetabolism occur and what is needed to sustain it?

Back 63

during the healing period after a burn. Increased dietary intake of carbs and protein.

Front 64

Where do all cells originate?

Back 64

bone marrow

Front 65

Antigen molecules are coded by a group of genes inherited from parents called___

Back 65

major histocompatability complex (MHC) located on chromosome 6

Front 66

What is the role of MHC?

Back 66

it activates and regulates the immune response as well as intercellular communications

Front 67

Macrophages develop from ______

Back 67

monocytes

Front 68

What is the primary cell in the immune response?

Back 68

leukocyte

Front 69

T-lymphocytes arise from_____

Back 69

stem cells

Front 70

What is the special type of immunity utilized by T-lymphocytes? Explain.

Back 70

cell-mediated immunity

T-lymphocytes with protein receptors on the cell surface recognize antigens on the surface of target calls and destroy them

Front 71

What is the name of the t-lymphocytes that facilitates immune response?

Back 71

helper CD4 positive T-cell

Front 72

Where are the memory T-cells located?

Back 72

lymph nodes

Front 73

HIV destroys which t-lymphocyte, thus crippling the entire immune system?

Back 73

helper CD4 cells

Front 74

What type of immunity do the B-lymphocytes utilize? Explain

Back 74

humoral immunity through the production of antibodies or immunoglobins.

Front 75

What is hypersensitivity

Back 75

allergies

Front 76

When does causative hypersensitivity occur?

Back 76

When exposure to an allergen for some reason develops an IgE anitbody from B lymphocytes

Front 77

What is anaphylaxis?

Back 77

a severe, life-threatening reaction due to exposure of an allergen

Front 78

What are some symptoms of anaphylactic shock?

Back 78

decreased blood pressure, severe hypoxia, penicillin, local anesthetic

Front 79

What are autoantibodies?

Back 79

antibodies formed aganist self-antigens

Front 80

The butterfly rash is associated with with disorder? How is the disorder caused?

Back 80

lupus

it is idiopathic

Front 81

What type of virus is HIV?

Back 81

a retrovirus

Front 82

What is a doctor referring to when speaking of a a "window" of time?

Back 82

the delay before which antibodies to the virus appear in the blood (3-7 weeks)

Front 83

Tumors often secrete enzymes such as collagenase which help to ______

Back 83

break down protein or cells

Front 84

What does 'in situ' mean?

Back 84

refers to neoplastic cells in a noninvasive stage of cancer

Front 85

In regards to tumors, what does grading mean?

Back 85

is based on the degree of differentiation of the malignant cells

Front 86

List some warning signs of cancer

Back 86

unusual bleeding, unexplained weight loss, anemia or low hemoglobin, a sore that does not heal

Front 87

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

Back 87

additional problems associated with certain tumors (bronchiogenic carcinoma)

Front 88

What is 'metastasis' in reference to tumors?

Back 88

the spread of cancerous cells to distant sites or lymphatic channels

Front 89

What is seeding?

Back 89

the spread of cancer cells in body fluids or along membranes, usually in body cavitites.

Front 90

"Staging" is also known as

Back 90

prognosis

Front 91

What is carcinogenesis?

Back 91

the process in which normal cells are transfered into cancer cells

Front 92

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

Back 92

basal cell carcinoma