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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hyperventilation, Retain more bicarb, excrete more H
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Metabolic Acidosis
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Respiratory Acidosis
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additional bicarb retention and H+ excretion by kidneys
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Hypoventilation, kidneys retain H+ and excrete bicarb
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Metabolic Alkalosis
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excretion of bicarb, kidneys retain H+
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respiratory alkalosis
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normal level of sodium
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136-145
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normal level of magnesium
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1.3-2.1
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normal level of calcium
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9-10.5
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normal level of chloride
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98-106
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normal level of potassium
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3.5-5
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normal level of phosphorus
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3-4.5
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preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin
(can be found in the cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus and bronchus) |
Carcinoma in situ
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cancer cell's independence from normal cellular controls
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Autonomy
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lack of cellular differentiation or specialization, primitive cells
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Anaplasia
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abnormal proliferating cells possessing a higher degree of autonomy than normal cells
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Neoplasia
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Stage 1 of cancer spread
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cancer confined to organ of origin
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Stage 2 of cancer spread
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cancer is locally invasive
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Stage 3 of cancer spread
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cancer has spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes
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Stage 4 of cancer spread
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cancer has spread to distant sites
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when some cancer secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
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autocrine stimulation
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stimulates cell growth even when growth factors are missing
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RAS
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when cells self destruct
(triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal development and excessive growth) |
Apoptosis
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when more advanced cancers can secrete factors that stimulate new blood vessel growth
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Angiogenesis
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the HALLMARK of cancer cells
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Immortality
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responsible for the majority of peptic ulcer disease, gastric lymphomas, and gastric carcinomas
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H. pylori
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Steps of Metastasis
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1- invasion
2- Cell Detachment 3- Dissemination 4- Arrest and Establishment 5- Proliferation and Angiogenesis |
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Steps of Local Invasion
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1- cellular replication
2- pressure on other surrounding tissue or cells because of increased motility of the tumor cells 3- release of litit enzymes 4- decrease of cell to cell adhesion(makes cells slippery), loss of fibernactin(cell anchoring) |
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Cell Detachment
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cells break off and separate from their primary site to get into the lymph and blood (tumor of just a few grams can shed millions of cells each day)
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Dissemination
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cell is shed into the vessels and get trapped in the first lymph node they encounter (sentinel node)
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Arrest and Establishment
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whatever lymph node or blood vessel the cancer cells end up at, they will break out and get into that organ or structure and implant
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Proliferation and Angiogenesis
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starts once they break through organ or structure and have grown at least 2 cm in the distal tissue
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make cell more responsive to growth factors which may make it grow faster
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Glycolipids
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decreases the immunes recognition of what is going on because communication has been lost
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Glycoproteins
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plays a role with secretion of enzymes that break down the cellular protein- opens the cell up which increases the spread of proliferation
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Protease
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cancer can break off and leave because there is nothing holding it down (matrix is lost)
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Altered anchoring/gap junctions
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this anchors the cell- when it is lost the cell can break loose and metastasize to other parts of the body
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Fibronectin
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substances produced by cancer cells that are found on tumor plasma membranes or in the blood, spinal fluid or urine
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Tumor cell markers
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T of Tumor Staging
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primary TUMOR: number equals size of tumor and its local extent
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N of Tumor Staging
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lymph NODE involvement: a higher number means more nodes are involved
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M of tumor staging
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extent of distant METASTASES
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when cells show an increase in nuclear size, ongoing proliferation and are of variable size and shape
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Anaplasia
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failure of menarche and absence of menstruation by age 14 with no development of secondary sex characteristics or absence of menstruation by age 16 regardless of presence of sex characteristics
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Primary Amenorrhea
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absence of menstruation for 3 or more cycles/6 mos. in women who have previously menstruated
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Secondary Amenorrhea
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when puberty is classified as precocious
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- < age 6 in black girls
- < age 7 in white girls - < age 9 in boys |
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difference of the charges in the cell ( -70 to -85)
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Resting Membrane Potential
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form of intracellular communication
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protein channels
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form of extracellular communication
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chemical messengers
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nerve cells stimulate movement by creating an electric potential
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conductivity
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garbage bin of the cell
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lysosomes
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responsible for ATP and energy production of the cell
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Mitochondria
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easily pass across plasma membrane
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lipids, urea and Oxygen
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do not readily pass through plasma membrane ( need assistance)
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albumin and globulins
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Must move across plasma membrane in order for muscle contraction to occur
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sodium
potassium calcium chloride |
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activates the Na/K pump by initiating a stimulus that exceeds the threshold value
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action potential
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action potential initiated, sodium moves in, cells becomes more positively charged
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depolarization
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when the cell cannot respond to any other stimuli until it hits -60 millivolts
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Absolute Refractory Period
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female with only 1 x chromosome
- sterile, no ovaries, short stature, under developed breasts, edema(from extra fluid), usually inherited from mom |
Turner Syndrome
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decrease of shrinkage in cell size
most common in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs and the brain |
Atrophy
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normal, occurs with early development
(thymus gland during childhood) |
Physiologic Atrophy
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occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition or hormonal and nervous stimulation (aging brain cells)
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Pathologic Atrophy
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increase in size of cell which causes an increased size of the affected organ
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hypertrophy
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True/ False : Hypertrophy is caused by an increase in cellular fluid.
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False: The increased cellular size is associated with an increased accumulation of protein in the cellular components(plasma membrane, ER, myofilaments and mitochondria)
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increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division
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Hyperplasia
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an adaptive mechanism that allows certain organs to regenerate
Example: Removal of part of the liver leads to ______ of the remaining liver cells. |
Compensatory Hyperplasia
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After ovulation, estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken in preparation for receiving the fertilized ovum. If pregnancy occurs, _______ as well as hypertrophy, enables the uterus to enlarge.
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Hormonal Hyperplasia
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the abnormal proliferation of normal cells, usually in response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth
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Pathologic Hyperplasia
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this occurs in the endometrium which causes excess menstrual bleeding
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Pathologic Hyperplasia
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this occurs when the cervix is subjected to chronic inflammation or infection
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Dysplasia
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when cells are injured from lack of Oxygen (most common cause of cellular injury)
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Hypoxia
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decreased blood supply (most common cause of hypoxia)
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Ischemia
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