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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the largest component of the immune system?
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skin and mucous membranes
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what are components of the immune system that are found in the lymphoid system?
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1. spleen
2. thymus gland 3. lymph nodes |
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where are all lymphocytes produced?
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bone marrow
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what is the primary function of bone marrow?
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production of RBC
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red bone marrow is found where?
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long bones
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List the secondary lymphoid organs.
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1. spleen
2. lymph nodes 3. tonsils 4. peyer patches |
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What are the two main organs of the lymphoid system?
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-thymus
-bone marrow |
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what are the primary effector cells of the immune system?
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WBC
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once basophils enter the tissue and become mast cells, do they return to the vascular system?
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no
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what are the two major classes of t lymphocytes?
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CD4
CD8 |
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what are t-cells that have CD4+ protein called?
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t helper cells
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what are t-cells that have CD8+ protein called?
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cytotoxic t cells
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What is fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, combined with neutrophils and debris from phagocytosis?
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exudate
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Which cells express MHC II proteins?
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-dendritic cells
-macrophages -b-cells -helper t cells |
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Which cells express MHC I proteins?
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cytotoxic t cells
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a "shift to the left" is commonly seen with what?
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acute bacterial infection
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what is immunity that requires no previous exposure to effectively response to an antigen?
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innate immunity
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what immunity is made up of NK cells and phagocytic cells?
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innate immunity
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what immunity's response is more effective the second time?
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adaptive immunity
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what immunity is made up from t-cells and b-cells?
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adaptive immunity
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name five main components of the immune system?
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1. skin
2. mucous membranes 3. lymphoid system 4. bone marrow 5. WBC |
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where do t-cells mature?
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thymus
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where do b-cells mature?
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bone marrow
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what houses b-cells, t-cells, and other immune cells just waiting to attack?
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lymph nodes
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name the two primary organs of the immune system.
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thymus
bone marrow |
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name five secondary organs in the immune system.
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spleen
lymph nodes tonsils peyers patches |
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name the three granulocytes.
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neutrophils
eosinophils basophils |
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name the three types of agranulocytes.
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b-cells
t-cells NK cells |
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monocytes that migrate from the blood into tissues are called what?
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macrophages
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name the three types of lymphocytes.
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NK cells
b-cells t-cells |
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Septra
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antibiotic
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what are the primary effectors of the immune system?
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WBC
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which WBC is the first responder?
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neutrophils
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what do eosinophils primarily respond to?
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allergic reactions
intestinal parasites |
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where are basophils located?
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vascular system/ blood
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where are mast cells located?
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connective tissues
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when basophils are stimulated by ctyokines they travel to the tissues and become what?
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mast cells
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the degranulation of mast cells and basophils begin what?
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inflammatory response
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what is the role of cytokines secreted by macrophages?
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-induce inflammation and chemotaxis
-stimulate growth/differentiation of WBC to continue fighting |
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what cell from the innate immunity does not depend on the thymus to develop?
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NK cells
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what cells can kill tumor and virally infected cells without previous exposure?
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NK cells
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how do NK cells recognizes Ab's?
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Fc receptors
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the b-cells depend on what to be activated?
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Th cells
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what is important about the epitope and Ag fitting together?
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the epitope on an Ag will be particular to the receptor of a certain b-cell. this can start activation of the immune system
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the b-cell presents the Ag to who?
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Th cells
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when the Ag is presented to the Th cell what happens?
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stimulates proliferation of b-cells to plasma cells and memory cells.
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the plasma cells are referred to as Ab factories, explain why?
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the plasma cell dump tons of Ab so they can attach to the foreign particles. this signals the macrophages to come eat the bad stuff
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the Ab binding to foreign particles and macrophages gobbling them up refers to what process?
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opsonization
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all complement pathways lead to what?
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MAC
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what is the accumulation of leukocytes to the epithelial cells of bv walls at the site of injury called? (early stage of inflammation)
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margination or pavementing
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what is the coating of an Ag by Ab so macrophages can phagocyte them called?
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opsonization
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what is it called when blood escapes the bv?
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diapedesis
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what are small polypeptides that cause powerful vasodilation called?
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kinins
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what cells secrete Ab at a rate of 2000 p/sec after an infection called?
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plasma cells
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what is the site on the surface of an Ag that is specifically recognized by the immune system called?
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epitope
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what is the large family of transmembrane proteins that mediate adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix called?
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integrins
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what substance is found in the cell wall and is triggered during every inflammation response?
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arachidonic acid
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what is it called when the inflammatory cytokines stimulate more immature neutrophils called bands from the bone marrow?
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shift to the left
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what is an increased neutrophil count in the blood called?
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neutrophilia
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what cells are derived from the bone marrow and very similar to macrophages?
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dendritic cells
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what is the bacterial peptide produced by the intestinal epithelium that prevents bacteria from colonizing on the intestinal wall?
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cryptocidins
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what are antimicrobial peptides produced by the skin's epithelium to kill a wide variety of bacteria and fungi?
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defensins
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what is the macromolecule (typically foreign) that provokes an immune system response?
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Ag
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what type of immunity is passed from a mother to her fetus?
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passive immunity
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what type of immunity is received from immunizations?
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active immunity
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what type of immunity exposes the Ag to b-cells to make memory cells?
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active immunity
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Name the 5 Ab's.
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1. IgG
2. IgM 3. IgD 4. IgE 5. I gA |
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what Ab is most common and is found in the intravascular and interstitial compartments?
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IgG
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what Ab is the smallest so they can escape from the bv into the tissues?
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IgG
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what Ab have the longest half life of 3 weeks?
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IgG
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what Ab is the first to be produced on exposure to Ag after immunization?
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IgM
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what Ab is the major Ab found on surface of b-cell?
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IgM
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what Ab works best to complement?
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IgM
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what Ab is found on b-cells with IgM and little is known about it?
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IgD
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what Ab is found by its Fc tail on the surface of basophils and mast cells?
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IgE
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which Ab provides immunity against helminthic parasites and is responsible for initiating allergic reactions?
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IgE
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what Ab is produced by plasma cells in the tissue under the skin?
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IgA
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what Ab is found in saliva, tears, tracheobroncial secretions, colostrum, breast milk, GI and GU secretions?
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IgA
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what do Ab do?
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they are proteins that bind to foreign Ag on cell membranes
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what is a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 called?
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MHC
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why are MHC so important?
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they are proteins made by genes to recognize self vs non self. this is important for the body to not attack itself.
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name the four types of exudate.
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1. serous exudate
2. fibrinous exudate 3. purulent exudate 4. hemorrhagic exudate |
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what exudate is watery with low protein buildup? ex. blister
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serous exudate
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what exudate is caused when more blood gets through the bv wall? it is sticky and thick?
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fibrinous exudate
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what exudate is often removed to prevent scar tissue during healing?
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fibrinous exudate
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what exudate is often called pus and typically occurs with severe inflammation by bacterial infection?
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purulent exudate
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what exudate usually creates an abscess that needs draining?
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purulent exudate
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what exudate has a large amount of RBC and is present with the most severe inflammation? necrosis.
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hemorrhagic exudate
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name the three purposes of inflammation.
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1. neutralize and destroy invading and harmful agents
2. limit spread of harmful agents to other tissue 3. prepare damaged tissue for repair |
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what inflammation is short only lasting less than two weeks?
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acute inflammation
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what inflammation extends over longer time? it may result in scar tissue formation of deformity.
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chronic inflammation
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what are the clinical signs of inflammation?
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-redness
-swelling -heat -pain -loss of function |
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what is the role of vasodilation in inflammation?
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-allows more blood to travel to the injured areas
-contributes to redness, pain, heat, and swelling of the inflammation. |
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what are the three players in healing?
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1. fibroblasts
2. endothelial cells 3. myfibroblasts |
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during healing what is stimulated to make collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin to repair the damage?
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fibroblasts
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during healing what expands in new capillaries to bring nutrients for wound healing?
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endothelial cells
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during healing what develops at the edge of a wound to induce wound contractions?
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myfibroblasts
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what complement pathway is initiated by an innate response at C3?
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alternative pathway
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what pathway is initiated by an adaptive response at C1that attaches to the Ag/Ab complex?
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classical pathway
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what is required for a macrophage to engulf an offender?
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DAMP and PAMP to be secreted from damaged cells.
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where is histamine located?
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in the granules of basophils and mast cells
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what do b-cells need to proliferate and begin antibody synthesis?
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specific cytokines from Th cells.
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what processes allow Ag/Ab complex to leave body fluids, allowing for easy phagocytosis?
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precipitation/agglutination
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what process do Ab's do to neutralize the bacterial toxin and bind with in before it can interact with a cell?
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neutralization
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what process does Ab's do when they coat Ag's making it more recognizable to macrophages?
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opsonization
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what cells migrate to the liver to become macrophages?
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Kupffer cells
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what monocytes migrate to the skin to become macrophages?
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Langerhans cells
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what are known as the adhesion molecules?
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selectin and intergrin
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what is the first immune cell to encounter a pathogen?
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macrophages
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