Pathophysiology Final

Front 1

Heart muscle differs from skeletal muscle tissue by being able to generate

Back 1

a unified cellular response

Front 2

Which of the following factors is the primary governor of the local control of blood flow?

Back 2

The nutritional needs of the tissue involved

Front 3

In the days following a tooth cleaning and root canal, a patient has developed an infection of the thin, three-layered membrane that lines the heart and covers the valves. What is this patient's most likely diagnosis?

Back 3

Endocarditis

Front 4

Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for the development of primary hypertension?

Back 4

African American race

Front 5

Which of the following individuals is suffering the effects of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?

Back 5

A patient who occasionally experiences persistent and severe chest pain when at rest (Unstable angina)

Front 6

In the arterial-venous circulatory system, pressure is inversely related to:

Back 6

volume

Front 7

A large increase in heart rate can cause:

Back 7

decreased stroke volume.

Front 8

The most important complication of atherosclerosis is _________, which may cause occlusion of small heart vessels.

Back 8

thrombosis

Front 9

Because cholesterol is insoluble in plasma, it is mainly carried by the lipoprotein:

Back 9

LDL.

Front 10

A major cause of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia is _______, which increases the production of VLDL and conversion to LDL.

Back 10

high-calorie diet

Front 11

A patient has entered hypovolemic shock after massive blood loss in a car accident. Many of the patient's peripheral blood vessels have consequently collapsed. How does the Laplace law account for this pathophysiologic phenomenon?

Back 11

Blood pressure is no longer able to overcome vessel wall tension.

Front 12

Patients with ischemic coronary vessel disease and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are classified as low or high risk for acute myocardial infarction based on characteristics that include significant:

Back 12

ECG changes.

Front 13

_______________ hypertension is characterized by chronic elevation in blood pressure that results from some other disorder, such as kidney disease.

Back 13

Secondary

Front 14

The ______________ of the vessel walls controls the transfer of molecules across the vascular wall, plays a role in platelet adhesion and blood clotting, and functions in the modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance.

Back 14

endothelium

Front 15

Chylomicrons are formed by an exogenous pathway and are elevated post-prandially (after eating a meal) because they are synthesized in the walls of the _________________________.

Back 15

small intestine

Front 16

Specialized cardiac muscles, pacemaker cells, have properties that differ from surrounding cardiac myocardial cell, which include:

Back 16

spontaneous phase 4 depolarization

Front 17

A young man presents to the Emergency Room with a low blood pressure. He reports a viral illness about one week ago, but instead of recovering he has become weaker, and unable to walk a few feet without becoming short of breath. An echocardiogram done in the ER shows over 100 cc of serous fluid surrounding the heart. this is likely due to:

Back 17

viral pericarditis

Front 18

The major sequence of events promoting most common acute myocardial ischemia events (poor coronary blood flow during an heart attack) underlying an acute myocardial infarction I(MI) involve:

Back 18

Plaque disruption followed by thrombosis (clot formation)

Front 19

The most important of the potent vasodilators produced by endothelial cells lining blood vessels (and coronary arteries) is:

Back 19

nitric oxide

Front 20

Stroke Volume is a major determinant of:

Back 20

cardiac output (CO) and ejection fraction

Front 21

Innate immunity, also called natural or native immunity, consists of mechanisms that respond specifically to:

Back 21

microbes

Front 22

A person eating peanuts starts choking and collapses. His airway obstruction is partially cleared, but he remains hypoxic until he reaches the hospital. The prolonged cell hypoxia caused a cerebral infarction and resulting __________ in the brain. (Any answer will work here)

Back 22

coagulation necrosis

Front 23

The parents of a 4-year-old girl have sought care because their daughter has admitted to chewing and swallowing imported toy figurines that have been determined to be made of lead. Which of the following blood tests should the care team prioritize?

Back 23

Red blood cell levels and morphology

Front 24

Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms requires the greatest amount of energy?

Back 24

Vesicular transport

Front 25

A male patient with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is experiencing hyperglycemia because he lacks sufficient insulin to increase the availability of glucose transporters in his cell membranes. Consequently, his cells lack intracellular glucose and it accumulates in his blood. Which of the following processes would best characterizes how glucose is able to cross his cell membranes if he is supplied appropriate insulin?

Back 25

Facilitated diffusion

Front 26

The patient is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver. Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to ___________ of the remaining liver cells.

Back 26

compensatory hyperplasia

Front 27

Breakdown and removal of foreign substances and worn-out cell parts are performed by which of the following organelles?

Back 27

Lysosomes

Front 28

Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Back 28

Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs

Front 29

After several months of trying to conceive, a couple is undergoing fertility testing. Semen analysis indicates that the man's sperm have decreased motility, a finding that is thought to underlie the couple's inability to become pregnant. Which of the following cellular components may be defective within the man's sperm?

Back 29

Microtubules

Front 30

Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid bilayer, most of the specific membrane functions are carried out by:

Back 30

bound and transmembrane proteins.

Front 31

Which of the following statements is true of skeletal muscle cells?

Back 31

Skeletal muscle is multinucleated, lacking true cell boundaries.

Front 32

An 89-year-old female patient has experienced significant decreases in her mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which of the following phenomena most likely accounts for the patient's decrease in muscle function that underlies her reduced mobility?

Back 32

Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility

Front 33

Which of the following body tissues exhibits the highest rate of turnover and renewal?

Back 33

The squamous epithelial cells of the skin

Front 34

Despite the low levels of radiation used in contemporary radiologic imaging, a radiology technician is aware of the need to minimize her exposure to ionizing radiation. What is the primary rationale for the technician's precautions?

Back 34

Radiation interferes with DNA synthesis and mitosis.

Front 35

The nucleus _________, which is essential for function and survival of the cell.

Back 35

contains the genetic code

Front 36

Injured cells have impaired flow of substances through the cell membrane as a result of:

Back 36

altered permeability.

Front 37

A public health nurse has cited a reduction in cancer risk among the many benefits of maintaining a healthy body-mass index. Which of the following facts underlies the relationship between obesity and cancer?

Back 37

Obesity can cause inflammation and hormonal changes that are associated with cancer.

Front 38

The leading cause of death for people with HIV is opportunistic ____________.

Back 38

tuberculosis

Front 39

Activation of lymphocytes is dependent upon the ________ and ________ of the antigens by macrophages.

Back 39

processing; presentation

Front 40

The first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to a new antigen is:

Back 40

IgM

Front 41

The “window period” of HIV infection refers to the period of time between infection and:

Back 41

seroconversion.

Front 42

A serum marker for systemic inflammation, _______, is now considered a major risk factor marker for atherosclerosis, and vascular disease.

Back 42

C-reactive protein

Front 43

Once T helper cells are activated, they secrete ____________ that activate and regulate nearly all of the other cells of the immune system.

Back 43

cytokines

Front 44

A 1-day-old infant was exposed to an infectious microorganism prior to discharge home from the hospital, but was able to effect a sufficient immune response in the hours and days following exposure. This immune response may have been due to the presence of which of the following immunoglobulins from the infant's mother?

Back 44

IgG

Front 45

Bacteria on a sliver in a boy's finger have initiated an adaptive immune response. The boy's lymphocytes and antibodies recognize immunologically active sites on the bacterial surfaces known as:

Back 45

epitopes

Front 46

HIV-positive persons that display manifestations of clinical Stage 3 disease are considered to have: Students, be aware that the Table 16-2 has an error; check slide 66 of Instructors version from 9/13’; this is an important concept.

Back 46

AIDS-defining illnesses.

Front 47

Which of the following would participate in the innate immune response to an infectious microorganism?

Back 47

Neutrophils

Front 48

A patient's exposure to an antibiotic-resistant microorganism while in the hospital has initiated an immune response, a process that is mediated and regulated by cytokines. Which of the following statements is true of cytokines?

Back 48

They are normally released at cell-to-cell interfaces, binding to specific receptors.

Front 49

Mismatched blood transfusion reaction with hemolysis of blood cells is an example of type II, _____ mediated hypersensitivity reaction.

Back 49

antibody

Front 50

Type III hypersensitivity immune responses can be harmful when immune complex deposits in tissue activate ___________ that can directly damage area tissues.

Back 50

inflammation

Front 51

A patient has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of HIV infection, which has recently progressed to overt AIDS. Consultation for care is made to the public health nurse, as the hospital has not had any recent cases. Which of the following actions should the care team prioritize when providing care for this patient?

Back 51

Astute infection control and respiratory assessments

Front 52

A patient was diagnosed as HIV positive several years ago. Which of the following blood tests is most clinically useful for determining the stage and severity of her disease?

Back 52

CD4+ cell counts

Front 53

A patient has recently received a pneumococcal vaccine and the patient's B cells are consequently producing antibodies. Which of the following cells may enhance this production of antibodies?

Back 53

Helper T cells

Front 54

Adaptive immune responses, also called acquired or specific immunity, are composed of _____________ and their products.

Back 54

lymphocytes

Front 55

Shortly after being diagnosed with HIV, a patient has begun highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). What is the primary goal of the patient's drug regimen?

Back 55

To slow the progression of the disease

Front 56

During the latent period before antibodies are detected in the humoral immune response, B cells differentiate into ________ cells.

Back 56

plasma

Front 57

Acute inflammation is the immediate and early response to an injurious agent and occurs in two phases; the vascular phase and the cellular phase.

Back 57

True

Front 58

Chronic inflammation is self-perpetuating and may last for weeks, months, or even years.

Back 58

True

Front 59

Erythrocytes play a central role in the physiology of inflammation.

Back 59

False

Front 60

Vasoconstriction is the major response of blood vessels during the vascular stage of inflammation.

Back 60

False

Front 61

Fever is a pathologic response to bacterial and viral infection with and has no positive outcome on illness.

Back 61

False

Front 62

Active immunity is acquired through immunization or actually having the disease.

Back 62

True

Front 63

T lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity.

Back 63

False

Front 64

Adaptive immunity (also called acquired immunity) refers to immunity that is acquired through previous exposure to infectious and other foreign agents.

Back 64

True

Front 65

The thyroid gland plays a central role in the immune response.

Back 65

False (thymus is what plays a role in immune response)

Front 66

Passive immunity represents a type of immunity that is transferred from another source, such as in utero transfer of antibodies from mother to infant.

Back 66

True

Front 67

A female patient presents to the Emergency Department with symptoms of weakness,nausea and vague discomfort in her lower amid-chest, around epigastrum. The resident on-call begins to work her up for a gastrointestinal illness, because she does not have the classical signs of myocardial ischemia. T or F?

Back 67

False (nausea, and weakness are symptoms, however the discomfort seems to be a little too low.

Front 68

Lead levels below 10mg/dl are associated with decreased IQ in children.

Back 68

True

Front 69

Secondary hypertension due to kidney disease is the most common form of hypertension.

Back 69

False

Front 70

Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) causes decreased ATP production in impacted cells.

Back 70

True

Front 71

Pulmonary hypertension can result in leg swelling and right ventricle myocardial hypertrophy.

Back 71

True

Front 72

Most agents causing injury to cells can do so through uncontrolled free radical production or uncontrolled intracellular calcium release.

Back 72

True? (3 main causes free radical, impaired oxygen, intracellular calcium release)

Front 73

A patient is hospitalized with a fever and pneumonia of an unknown cause. The microbiology lab has lost electricity, so no stains of sputum are available. The patient is on a ventilator and there is no family, so no history of travel or other exposures can be obtained. The hospital infection preventionist calls the health department as she suspects a reportable communicable disease. While reporting the patient's vital signs to you, she states that the patient's temperature is 103 degrees F, and the pulse is 82, regular rhythm. She has just been admitted, so no fever pattern is available at this time. By examining her vital signs, what organism do you feel is most likely for this patient's illness?

Back 73

Legionella pneumophila

Front 74

A farmer's long-term exposure to pesticides has made the cells in his alveoli and bronchial tree susceptible to malignancy. Which of the following processes has taken place in the farmer's lungs?

Back 74

Initiation

Front 75

Paraneoplastic syndromes are manifestations of cancer that often result from:

Back 75

inappropriate hormone release

Front 76

A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung tumor in a patient. Which of the following characteristics are associated with this patient's neoplasm?

Back 76

The tumor will grow by expansion and is likely encapsulated.

Front 77

A 20-year-old college student has presented to her campus medical clinic for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The clinician who will interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of:

Back 77

changes in cell shape, size, and organization.

Front 78

Unlike the tissue growth that occurs with hypertrophy and hyperplasia, the growth of a malignancy is:

Back 78

autonomous.

Front 79

Although clinical manifestations vary with the type of cancer and organs involved, abnormal tumor growth causes general manifestations that include:

Back 79

sleep disturbances.

Front 80

Cancerous transformation of a cell requires the activation of:

Back 80

genetic mutations.

Front 81

Although both grading and staging are methods for classifying cancer and selecting a treatment plan, staging is used to determine the:

Back 81

extent of disease spread.

Front 82

Genetic screening may be indicated for individuals who have a family history of which of the following neoplasms?

Back 82

Breast

Front 83

Which of the following processes characterizes an epigenetic contribution to oncogenesis?

Back 83

A tumor suppressor gene is present, but it is not expressed.

Front 84

The following best describes a property of neoplasms:

Back 84

They ignore signals to stop cell division.

Front 85

A tumor detected when it is approximately 0.5 cm diameter will contain about ___________________ cells.

Back 85

500 million

Front 86

Which of the following clients should undergo additional testing for the BRCA mutation?

Back 86

Any woman of Ashkenzi Jewish descent with a first degree relative diagnosed with ovarian or breast cancer

Front 87

Tumors can exert local effects by:

Back 87

Compressing nerves, lymph and blood vessels.

Front 88

A cancer maintained within the epithelial layer is referred to as:

Back 88

a carcinoma-in-situ.

Front 89

You are a radiologist who must determine the likelihood of an isolated peripheral lung lesion in a new female patient. You do not have her smoking history. Given the assumption this is a malignant tumor, what type of lung tumor do you think it could be based on current epidemiology?

Back 89

Adenocarcinoma

Front 90

In addition to being the site of gas exchange, the lungs also:

Back 90

contain mast cells that produce heparin.

Front 91

Lung compliance is a measure of the change in ________that occurs with a change in intrapulmonary pressure.

Back 91

lung volume

Front 92

The respiratory minute volume:

Back 92

Represents total ventilation and is the amount of air exchanged in one minute.

Front 93

A patient's recent history of emphysema has resulted in the functional loss of many alveoli. Which of the following physiologic functions is the primary role of type II alveoli?

Back 93

Production of surfactant (slide 6) pg. 518

Front 94

A respiratory therapist has asked a patient to breathe in as deeply as possible during a pulmonary function test. Inspiration is normally the result of which of the following phenomena?

Back 94

Decreased intrathoracic pressure

Front 95

A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is undergoing pulmonary function testing. Which of the following instructions should the technician provide in order to determine the patient's forced vital capacity (FVC)?

Back 95

I'll ask you to breathe in as deep as you can, and then blow out as much of that air as possible."

Front 96

Completion of a patient's pulmonary function study has yielded the following data: tidal volume: 500 mL; inspiratory reserve: 3100 mL; expiratory reserve: 1200 mL; residual volume: 1200 mL; functional residual capacity: 2400 mL. What is this patient's inspiratory capacity?

Back 96

3600 mL

Front 97

A patient with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia is producing copious secretions that are physically obstructing her airway. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes will impede her ability to cough and clear secretions?

Back 97

Decreased activity of abdominal muscles

Front 98

A patient has experienced a bout of coughing after aspirating some of his secretions. The patient's coughing was triggered by which of the following?

Back 98

Signals from receptors in the tracheobronchial wall

Front 99

The pathogenic capacity of the tubercle bacillus is related to:

Back 99

the initiation of a cell-mediated immune response

Front 100

Which of the four categories of bronchogenic carcinoma has the greatest association with tobacco smoking and tends to metastasize to the brain?

Back 100

Small cell

Front 101

A nurse who provides weekly care in a homeless shelter has unknowingly inhaled airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosisbacteria and has subsequently developed latent tuberculosis infection. Which of the following is true of this nurse?

Back 101

The nurse is likely asymptomatic.

Front 102

Which of the following is not a common manifestation of lung cancer?

Back 102

Inability to secrete active proteins/hormones

Front 103

Acute onset bronchial asthma causes wheezing and breathlessness as a result of:

Back 103

airway inflammation.

Front 104

Emphysema is characterized by hyperinflation of the lungs that produces increased:

Back 104

total lung capacity.

Front 105

As a result of hypoxemia and polycythemia, persons with chronic obstructive bronchitis are prone to:

Back 105

right-sided heart failure.

Front 106

The common results of respiratory failure are hypoxemia and:

Back 106

hypercapnia (increased CO2)

Front 107

A patient with a history of emphysema is experiencing hypoxemia after a taxing physical therapy appointment. Which of the following physiologic phenomena will occur as a consequence of hypoxemia?

Back 107

Increased heart rate

Front 108

A 51-year-old man has been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis after a long history of recurrent coughing. Which of the man's following statements demonstrates a sound understanding of his new diagnosis?

Back 108

"If I had quit smoking earlier than I did, I think I could have avoided getting bronchitis."

Front 109

Which of the following is most likely to precipitate an asthmatic attack in a child with a diagnosis of extrinsic, or atopic, asthma?

Back 109

Pet dander

Front 110

Most kidney stones are composed of_________.

Back 110

calcium.

Front 111

The functional unit of the kidney is the ____________.

Back 111

the nephron.

Front 112

Serum _____________ reflects the GFR (glomerular filtration rate) and can be used as an estimate of renal function.

Back 112

creatinine

Front 113

The loop of _____________ plays an important role in controlling the concentration of the urine and is divided into three segments.

Back 113

Henle

Front 114

A glycopeptide hormone produced by kidney fibroblasts and stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow is_______________________.

Back 114

erythropoetin.

Front 115

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a systemic disorder that primarily affects the kidneys, resulting in the formation of fluid-filled __________ in both kidneys with the threat of progression to chronic renal failure.

Back 115

cysts

Front 116

Nephrotic syndrome is associated with increased glomerular permeability to plasma ____________, resulting in generalized edema.

Back 116

protein

Front 117

_______________ tumor (nephroblastoma) usually presents between 3 and 5 years of age and is the most common malignant abdominal tumor in children.

Back 117

Wilm's

Front 118

_____________ failure, the most common form of acute renal failure, is characterized by a marked decrease in renal blood flow.

Back 118

Pre-renal

Front 119

An accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood is called _____________.

Back 119

azotemia

Front 120

Chronic ______________ is the most profound hematologic alteration that accompanies renal failure, due to the decreased production of the hormone erythropoietin.

Back 120

anemia

Front 121

How many nephrons are in a normal human body?

Back 121

2 million

Front 122

What determines the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane?

Back 122

The basement membrane

Front 123

Which arteriole exits the nephron?

Back 123

Efferent

Front 124

A patient enters the ER in circulatory shock. High circulating levels of epinephrine are supplemented by intravenous epinephrine to increase blood pressure. What do you expect the GFR to be in this patient?

Back 124

Minimal to none

Front 125

Pulmonary hypertension can result in leg swelling and right ventricle myocardial hypertrophy.

Back 125

True

Front 126

One of the first renal manifestations of diabetic nephropathy is hypertension.

Back 126

False

Front 127

The function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways is to remove foreign materials.

Back 127

True

Front 128

The #1 cancer diagnosed in 2011 in the US was from the lung site.

Back 128

False

Front 129

Cells divide when stimulated by appropriate growth factors.

Back 129

True

Front 130

Oncogenes code for normal proteins used in cell division.

Back 130

False

Front 131

BRCA-associated tumors include bone cancer (osteosarcoma).

Back 131

False

Front 132

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are two major causes of glomerular injury.

Back 132

True

Front 133

Large molecules, such as protein, easily cross the glomerular wall.

Back 133

False

Front 134

Obstructive nephropathy is often inherited as a Mendelian trait.

Back 134

False

Front 135

In the adult, the kidneys are perfused with 20% to 25% of the cardiac output.

Back 135

True

Front 136

Most causes of renal obstruction are neoplastic in etiology.

Back 136

False

Front 137

Acute renal failure is not a reversible process.

Back 137

False

Front 138

One of the strongest vasoconstrictors in the body is aldosterone.

Back 138

False

Front 139

The most common cancer in US males is lung cancer.

Back 139

False

Front 140

Alcoholic liver disease manifests in three stages. The intermediate stage, alcoholic hepatitis, is characterized by liver cell:

Back 140

necrosis

Front 141

An early sign of acute symptomatic viral hepatitis may include:

Back 141

distaste for coffee, severe anorexia, inability to smoke cigarettes

Front 142

Antibody testing has confirmed that a man is positive for hepatitis A virus (HAV). Which of the patient's statements suggests that he understands his new diagnosis?

Back 142

"I don't know why I didn't bother to get vaccinated against this."

Front 143

Both prehepatic and posthepatic causes of portal hypertension include the formation of:

Back 143

venous thromboses or obstructions

Front 144

Individuals with liver disease often experience the effects of excess serum ammonia as a result of impairment of the liver's ability to process ammonia. How does the liver process ammonia in healthy individuals?

Back 144

By processing it into urea and releasing it into the circulation.

Front 145

Kupffer cells function as ______ to remove harmful substances or cells from the portal blood as it moves through the venous sinusoids.

Back 145

phagocytes

Front 146

The late manifestations of cirrhosis are related to liver failure and:

Back 146

portal hypertension.

Front 147

The patient has right upper quadrant pain caused by acute “choledocholithiasis” (a gallstone in the common bile duct). If the common bile duct becomes obstructed, manifestations will also include:

Back 147

bilirubinuria.

Front 148

Which of the following factors accounts for the poor prognosis that typically accompanies a diagnosis of primary hepatocellular cancer?

Back 148

The nonspecific symptomatology of liver cancer means that diagnosis often happens at a late stage.

Front 149

A 16-year-old girl has been admitted to the emergency department after ingesting 20 g of acetaminophen (Tylenol) in a suicide attempt. The care team would recognize that this patient faces a severe risk of:

Back 149

acute fulminant hepatitis.

Front 150

Portal circulation involves blood draining from the following, among other sources:

Back 150

pancreas

Front 151

The majority of bilirubin is derived from:

Back 151

breakdown of red blood cells

Front 152

The important function of bilirubin deconjugation is accomplished by actions of the:

Back 152

gut bacteria

Front 153

Liver failure is characterized by:

Back 153

pale feces, dark urine, and hemorrhoids

Front 154

Pre-hepatic causes of jaundice are primarily due to

Back 154

breakdown of red blood cells

Front 155

Kernicterus is an avoidable complication of

Back 155

physiologic neonatal jaundice

Front 156

The liver can be distinguished from the other visceral organs due to its ability to

Back 156

regenerate

Front 157

A common symptom of cholestasis/ intrahepatic bile obstruction is

Back 157

pruritus (itching)

Front 158

Manifestations of alcohol liver disease include

Back 158

fatty liver, cirrhosis, and hepatitis

Front 159

Cerebral dysfunction in end-stage liver disease can be attributed to the accumulation of:

Back 159

ammonia

Front 160

Infections that develop in patients while they are hospitalized are called _____________ infections.

Back 160

nosocomial

Front 161

Adding the suffix _____________ to the name of the involved tissue usually designates inflammation of an atomic location.

Back 161

-itis

Front 162

The _____________ stage in the disease course is the period during which the host experiences the maximum impact of the infectious process.

Back 162

acute

Front 163

Mycoplasma organisms are distinguished by:

Back 163

Being smaller than bacteria, Cell walls that lack peptidoglycan rigidity, and can cause serious disease in the human host

Front 164

Ticks, mosquitoes, mites, and lice are examples of ______________, organisms that derive benefits from their biologic relationship with another organism.

Back 164

parasitic organisms

Front 165

"Mad Cow Disease" can be differentiated from Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) by the following features:

Back 165

Younger age at onset

Front 166

The Ebola virus

Back 166

requires use of host metabolic mechanisms to reproduce

Front 167

Most common symptoms of Ebola viral infection include

Back 167

Fatigue and fever (NOT hemorrhage)

Front 168

Obligate intracellular organisms include

Back 168

Rickettsiae, viruses, chlamydia

Front 169

An example of a dimorphic fungal pathogen of humans is:

Back 169

Blastomycosis

Front 170

Critical epidemiologic factors to assess an infectious disease case include

Back 170

incubation period, mode of transmission, mechanism of disease

Front 171

IgM is characterized by:

Back 171

Rising after infection during the acute phase, then falling

Front 172

The appearance of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) can be attributed to:

Back 172

inappropriate use of antibiotics, inadequate infection control mechanisms, treatment of colonization

Front 173

A contributor to antimicrobial resistance includes:

Back 173

underuse of vaccines

Front 174

The ability to link foodborne bacterial infections across the US and internationally has been greatly enhanced with the use of

Back 174

Pulse-Net

Front 175

A measurement of past infection or immunity can be assessed with:

Back 175

IgG

Front 176

The somatic nervous system provides sensory and motor innervation for:

Back 176

peripheral nerves.

Front 177

The blood-brain and CSF-brain barriers control the chemical environment of the brain by allowing easy entrance to only a few chemicals that include:

Back 177

oxygen.

Front 178

Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of a spinal reflex?

Back 178

Withdrawal of a hand from a hot stove element

Front 179

The sites of referred pain are determined by

Back 179

visceral embryonic development.

Front 180

A 44-year-old woman has sought care for the treatment of headaches that have been increasing in severity and frequency, and has been subsequently diagnosed with migraines. Which of the following teaching points should her care provider emphasize?

Back 180

"It would be helpful for you to take control of your diet, sleep schedule, and stress levels."

Front 181

More complex patterns of movements, such as throwing a ball or picking up a fork, are controlled by the ______ cortex in the frontal lobe.

Back 181

premotor

Front 182

Disorders of the pyramidal tracts, such as a stroke, are characterized by:

Back 182

paralysis.

Front 183

A patient has wrist inflammation causing compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Manifestations of this syndrome include:

Back 183

precision grip weakness.

Front 184

The demyelination and degeneration of nerve fibers characteristic of multiple sclerosis is the result of:

Back 184

decreased oligodendrocytes.

Front 185

A sudden traumatic complete transection of the spinal cord results in _______ below the level of injury.

Back 185

flaccid paralysis

Front 186

A patient's recent diagnosis of Parkinson disease has prompted his care provider to promptly begin pharmacologic therapy. The drugs that are selected will likely influence the patient's levels of:

Back 186

dopamine.

Front 187

A patient is devastated to receive a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The symptomatology of this disease is a result of its effects on:

Back 187

upper and lower motor neurons

Front 188

The most potent botulinum toxin is

Back 188

A

Front 189

Botulism toxin's effects are due to

Back 189

irreversible attachment to the presynaptic neuron

Front 190

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) can be differentiated with botulism by the following:

Back 190

GBS is a flaccid paralysis that ascends from foot to head

Front 191

The dorsal spinal cord is comprised of:

Back 191

afferent sensory neurons

Front 192

Which neurotransmitter is released from the parasympathetic system and from motor neurons?

Back 192

acetylcholine

Front 193

Adrenaline or epinephrine is released by the

Back 193

sympathetic nervous system

Front 194

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes

Back 194

increased heart rate

Front 195

The brain is distinguished by its

Back 195

inability to conduct anaerobic metabolism and inability to store oxygen

Front 196

Abnormally high accumulation of bilirubin in the blood causes biliary cirrhosis.

Back 196

False

Front 197

Myasthenia gravis can be clinically mistaken for botulism

Back 197

True

Front 198

Chemical synapses rely on passive diffusion in order to provide communication between neurons.

Back 198

False

Front 199

Glucose provides the majority of the fuel needs of the neurologic system.

Back 199

True

Front 200

Myasthenia gravis is characterized by muscle weakness caused by antibody-mediated destruction of skeletal muscle fibers.

Back 200

False

Front 201

A cardinal symptom of Parkinson disease is bradykinesia.

Back 201

True

Front 202

Fever is a pathologic response to bacterial and viral infection with and has no positive outcome on illness.

Back 202

False

Front 203

A patient had his left lobe of his liver removed due to a hepatocellular carcinoma. His blood test will show persistent elevations of bilirubin for the rest of his life.

Back 203

False

Front 204

Sympathetic nervous stimulation is likely to result in decreased renal blood flow.

Back 204

True

Front 205

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and “mad cow disease” are examples of prion-associated diseases.

Back 205

True

Front 206

Viruses are capable of replication outside of a living cell.

Back 206

False

Front 207

The term portal of entry refers to the process by which a pathogen enters the body.

Back 207

True

Front 208

Some fungi are components of normal human microflora

Back 208

True

Front 209

All organisms have the potential to cause infectious illness in humans.

Back 209

False

Front 210

Colonization implies the presence of microorganisms causing disease within the human host

Back 210

False

Front 211

Brain neurons are incapable of healing or regeneration.

Back 211

False