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24 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
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Caused by:
Narrowing of esophagus Decreased salivary secretion Nerve damage Scleroderma Stroke |
Manifestations:
Odynophagia: pain associated with swallowing |
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Hernia (protrusion of tissue through muscular wall)
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Caused by: weakening of the wall allowing tissue protrusion
Sliding Hiatal Hernia: protrusion of stomach above diaphragm Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia: separate portion of stomach enters thorax |
Manifestations:
Pain |
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD - backward movement of gastric contents back into esophagus)
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Caused by:
Weak or incompetent lower sphincter Delayed gastric emptying Mucosal injury |
Manifestations:
Heartburn Chronic cough Gastroesphageal Asthma Hoarseness May cause Barrett's Esophagus (precancerous state) |
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Esophageal Cancer (carcinoma of the esophagus)
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Caused by:
Squamous: alcohol and tobacco use Adenocarcinoma: Barrett esophagus |
Manifestations:
Dysphagia Odynophagia Weight loss Fatigue Metastasis often has occured at time of Dx |
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Mallory-Weiss Syndrome (longitudinal esophageal tears)
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Caused by:
Chronic Alcoholism, Bulimia, Violent/Powerful bouts of gagging (retching) & vomiting lead to very dilated esophageal veins very susceptible to laceration |
Manifestations:
Bleeding (can be severe and life threatening) Inflammatory Ulcer Mediastinitis |
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Acute Gastritis (inflammation of gastric mucosa)
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Caused by:
Irritants (alcohol, NSAIDs, bacterial toxins) |
Manifestations:
Heartburn Gastric Distress |
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Peptic Ulcer (ulcer affecting one or all layers of the stomach or duodenum)
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Caused by:
Bacteria (H. pylori) NSAIDs Aspirin |
Manifestations:
Epigastric Pain Complications: hemorrhage, perforation, penetration, hematemesis, & melena |
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Gastric Carcinoma (stomach cancer)
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Caused by:
Genetic Bacteria (H. pylori) Nitrosamines Autoimmune gastritis |
Manifestations (Asymptomatic until late):
Epigastric pain Vomiting Anorexia Cachexia |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS - unexplained chronic and recurrent intestinal symptoms)
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Caused by:
CNS deregulation of peristalsis Psychological or physiological stress More common in women |
Manifestations:
Abdominal pain Flatulence Bloating Nausea Anxiety/Depression Constipation/Diarrhea |
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Ulcerative Colitis (nonspecific inflammatory condition of the colon)
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Caused by:
Genetic Autoimmune (microbial trigger) |
Manifestations:
Fecal urgency Diarrhea Weight loss Anemia Arthritis Skin lesions Thrombosis Complications: Toxic Megacolon, Colon Cancer |
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Crohn's Disease (recurrent granulomatous inflammation affecting the GI tract)
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Caused by:
Genetic Autoimmune (microbial trigger) |
Manifestations:
Fecal urgency Diarrhea Weight loss Anemia Arthritis Skin lesions Thrombosis Fistulas (abnormal passageway between two organs or vessels) Skip Lesions (cobblestone) |
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Infectious Enterocolitis (inflammation of the small intestine and colon caused by a microbial agent)
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Caused by:
Viral (rotavirus) Bacterial (C. difficile-generally following broad spectrum antibiotic therapy or E. coli) |
Manifestations:
Viral-Fever, Vomiting, Diarrhea Bacterial, C. diff: Diarrhea, Cramping, Dehydration, Fever Bacterial, E. coli: Hemorrhagic Colitis, Diarrhea, Renal Failure, TTP |
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Diverticulitis (diverticulosis-mucosal layer of colon herniates through muscularis layer, "outpouching" then becomes inflamed)
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Caused by:
Low exercise Low fiber consumption Neglecting defecation urge |
Manifestations:
Lower left quadrant pain Nausea Vomiting Fever Complications: fistulas(abnormal passage between 2 organs or vessels), hemorrhage, septic peritonitis & obstruction |
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Appendicitis (appendix becomes inflamed, swollen, and gangrenous)
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Caused by:
Obstruction (by hard stool) Twisting |
Manifestations:
Epigastric/Preumbilical pain until rupture-short relief until intense pain from septic peritonitis Board-like abdominal rigidity *Rebound tenderness (unique, pain occurs when pressure is release not inflicted) |
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Inflammatory Diarrhea (Small Volume)
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Caused by:
Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis (IBD) |
Inflammatory Manifestations:
Fever Bloody diarrhea |
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Non-Inflammatory Diarrhea (Large Volume)
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Caused by:
Osmotic - water is pulled into bowel due to hyperosmotic contents (lactase deficiency-lactose intolerant patients, sorbitol-sugar in diabetic candies) Secretory - toxins from bacterial or viral infections (C. diff., E. coli), food poisoning |
Non-Inflammatory Manifestations:
Excessive watery and non-bloody stools Periumbilical cramps Nausea Vomiting Bloating |
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Constipation (Infrequent or difficult passage of stools)
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Caused by:
Decreased intestinal motility Drugs Inadequate fiber and fluid intake Weakened abdominal muscles Pregnancy |
Manifestations:
Abdominal Pain Bloating |
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Fecal Impaction (Retention of hardened stools in the rectum and colon)
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Caused by:
Drugs (antacids, bulk laxatives) Age (elderly) Low residue diet Prolonged bed rest |
Manifestations:
Severe constipation Watery diarrhea Fecal soiling Fecal incontinence |
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Peritonitis (Inflammation of membrane lining the abdominal cavity)
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Caused by:
Bacteria Chemical irritation Rupture Appendix (acute) Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (chronic) |
Manifestations:
Nausea Vomiting Abdominal tenderness (stiff) Fever Shock |
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Acute vs. Chronic Diarrhea
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Acute Diarrhea (excessively frequent passage of stools for less than 2 weeks)
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Chronic Diarrhea (excessively frequent passage of stools for 3 to 4 weeks)
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Steatorrhea (Inability to absorb fats from diet)
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Caused by:
Inadequate pancreatic lipase, bile salts, or lymphatic channels |
Manifestations:
Yellow-gray stools Weight loss Fat soluble vitamin deficiency |
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Celiac Disease (Immune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten)
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Caused by:
Genetic Higher incidence in diabetics and females |
Manifestations:
Diarrhea Constipation Bloating Flatus Chronic dermatitis |
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Adenomatous Polyps (Benign neoplasms of intestinal epithelium)
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Caused by:
Advancing Age |
Manifestations:
Asymptomatic Types: Pedunculated: stalk Tubular: smooth, tubule, gland like Villous/Sessile: raised, cauliflower surface Tubulovillous: both raised & tubule |
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Colorectal Cancer (Cancer of the colon and rectum, common, high mortality rate)
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Caused by:
Adenomatous polyps Chronic GI inflammation Genetic Diets high in fat and sugar Low fiber intake *aspirin may decrease incidence |
Manifestations:
Blood in stool Bowel habit change Pain (late manifestation) |
