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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the pathway of light in the eye
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Light rays pass through cornea --> Aqueous humor --> Pupil --> Lens --> Vitreous humor --> Retina --> Rods and Cones --> Nerve fibers of Optic nerve (CNII) --> Optic Chiasm --> Occipital Lobe for interpretation
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What is another name for the optic nerve?
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CN II
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What occurs at the optic chiasm?
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Crossing of the optic nerves (CN II) so that images seen in right eye are transferred to the left side of the brain and vise versa
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Where does perception of an image occur?
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In the visual sensory and association areas of the occipital lobes of the cortex
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Space between the lens and the retina
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Posterior Cavity
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Space between the cornea and the lens
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Anterior Cavity
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Anterior cavity is made up of
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Anterior chamber and posterior chamber
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Area between the cornea and the iris
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Anterior chamber
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Area between the iris and the lens
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Posterior chamber
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Humor that is formed during embryonic development
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Vitreous humor
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Areas of eye responsible for the shape of the eye
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Humor (aqueous and vitreous)
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Humor that is continuously secreted
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Aqueous
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Aqueous humor is continuously secreted by _________. It drains into _________.
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The ciliary processes of the posterior chamber (cilary body of the choroid) ; Canal of Schlemn (in anterior chamber)
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Maintenance of the normal IOP should be kept below
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24 mmHg
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The amount of aqueous humor formed should be equal to the amount absorbed in order to maintain ____________.
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Optimal IOP (intraocular pressure)
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What is this? What does it measure?
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Snellen Chart; Visual Acuity
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What is this? What does it check for? It could be a screening for which disease?
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Visual field test; central and peripheral vision ; cataracts (full vision field loss of sight)
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What is this? What does it test for?
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Tonometer; test IOP by adminstering puff into the eye
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What is this? What is it used for?
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Opthalmoscope; Used to examine the internal structures of the eye
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What is this? What is it used for?
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Gonioscopy: Used to measure the angle of anterior chamber
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What is the medical term for near-sightedness?
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Myopia
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If your eyeball is too long you might have ________.
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Myopia (near-sightedness)
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In myopia, the image is focused in front of the ______.
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Lens
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In myopia, the image is focused in ________ of the lens.
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Front
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What is another name for far-sightedness?
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Hyperopia
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If your eye is too short you might have ___________.
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Hyperopia
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In hyperopia, the image is
focused behind the _________. |
retina
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In hyperopia, the image is
focused _______the retina |
Behind
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How can myopia and hyperopia be corrected?
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With a lens that repositions the image on the retina
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What is far-sightedness associated with aging called?
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Presbyopia
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In which patients does presbyopia usually occur?
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40+ yoa
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What causes presbyopia?
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Loss of elasticity
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Irregular curvature in the cornea or lens is called ________.
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Astigmatism
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Deviation of one eye
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Strabismus
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Double vision
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Diplopia
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What causes strabismus?
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Short muscle
Hypertonic muscle (weak muscle) Neurologic defect |
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Why must strabismus be corrected in small children?
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To prevent the development of amblyopia
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What is amblyopia?
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Suppression by the brain of the visual image from the affected eye (brain is not interpreting images from that eye)
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Another name for "lazy eye"? What should it be called instead?
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Amblyopia (am-blE-O-pEE-uh) ; Lazy Brain
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Involuntary movement of one or both eyes
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Nystagmus
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Nystagmus results from
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Neurologic causes
Inner ear or cerebellar disturbances drug toxicity |
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What type of test do police officers give to test sobriety?
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Nystagmus test
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Trauma of the cranial nerves or stroke would most likely cause which eye condition?
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Diplopia (double vision) or Ptosis (impairment of the upper eyelid)
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Why would trauma to the cranial nerves cause diplopia?
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It results in paralysis of the extraocular muscles
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What is paralysis of the upper eyelid called?
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Ptosis
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What would most likely cause ptosis?
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Same as diplopia:
neurlogic causes trauma to cranial nerves stroke |
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Result of increased IOP caused by excessive accumulation of aqueous humor
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Glaucoma
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Glaucoma is the result of increased IOP caused by excessive accumulation of _________ _________.
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Aqueous humor
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Most common loss of vision in developed countries
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Glaucoma
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Most preventable loss of vision in developed countries
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Glaucoma
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What is acute glaucoma also called?
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Narrow-angle glaucoma
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Diagnose:
Halos around lights at night |
Glaucoma
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Diagnose:
Loss of peripheral vision |
Glaucoma
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If IOP in greatly increased, as in narrow-angle glaucoma, __________ may occur
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Pain
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In which type of glaucoma is the angle between the cornea and the iris decreased?
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Acute (or Narrow-angle)
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Which type of glaucoma is caused by aging, developmental abnormalities, or scar tissue from trauma/infection?
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Acute (narrow-angle)
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What happen to the iris in acute glaucoma? How does this increase IOP?
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During dilation, the iris get pushed forward and to the side; the angle of the cornea and the iris blocks the canal of Schlemm, preventing aqueous humor from being absorbed.
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What triggers acute glaucoma?
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Pupil Dilation
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What is the treatment for acute glaucoma?
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Surgery (to remove part of the iris- iridectomy)
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Which type of glaucoma occcurs when the trabecular network thickens?
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Chronic (open-angle glaucoma)
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In which type of glaucoma is there danger of damage or ischemia of the retinal cells? Why is will damage occur?
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Chronic (open-angle) ; Damage will occur because the increased pressure compresses the blood flow to the retinal cells
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Which type of glaucoma is irreversible and causes blindness?
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Chronic (open-angle)
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How is open-angle glaucoma treated?
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regular administration of eye drops (beta-adrenergic receptors (timolol))
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In which age group does chronic glaucoma occur the most?
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50+ yoa
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Diagnose.
What physiological change has occured in this patient? |
Cataracts.
Progressive opacity or darkening of the lens (due to proteins in the lens becoming less soluble) |
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In which patients is this most common?
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Aged population
Diabetic patients Those exposed to a lot of sunlight **could also be a congenital or traumatic cause** |
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In which eye disease would driving at night become very difficult?
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Cataracts
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In which eye disease would you experience blurred vision over the entire visual field?
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Cataracts
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Explain the size, site, density and rate of impairment that occurs in cataracts
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Varies from individual to individual, and can vary in one individuals two eyes
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What is the treatment for cataracts?
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Lens replacement (outptatient)
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What is the vascular supply to the retina?
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The choroid
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What is it called when the retina tears away from the underlying choroid? What does this cause?
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Detached retina; causes vitreous humor to flow behind the retina, further pulling it away from the choroid. This interferes with the diffusion of nutrients from the choiroid to the retina, resulting in ischemia
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Why is there no pain associated with detached retina?
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No nerve innvervation
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What might be wrong with a patient who is experiencing scotomas?
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Detached retina
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What is scotoma
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Area of blindness
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If a patient is saying, "It looks like there is a curtain falling over my eyes" What might be wrong?
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Detached retina
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What OTC can be used for detached retina?
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NONE! It is a medical emergency
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What does treatment for detached retina include? When would this work the best?
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Surgical reattachment of the retina ; if the tear is not complete. If the tear is complete, it may not be able to be repaired.
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What is AMD?
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Age-related Macular degeneration
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What is the cause of macular degeneration?
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A combination of genetic factors and environmental exposure
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what type of environmental factors could contribute to the development of AMD?
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Ultra-violet rays and drugs
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What is usually the cause of macular degeneration in a young person?
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Genetics
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What is the sclera continuous with?
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The meninges (covering the CNII)
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Where is the macula lutea? What is the lowest depression of it called? Which type of cells does it contain? What is it the site of?
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The back of the eye (slightly off from the blind spot) ; Fovea ; Cone cells ; Site of greatest visual acuity
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Which is the most common type of macular degeneration? What happens during this type?
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dry ; deposits form in retinal cells
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What is another name for dry macular degeneration?
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Atrophic
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What is another name for wet macular degeneration? what occurs during this type?
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Exudative ; Neovascularization (formation of abnormal, leaky vessels, rapidly destroying the retina)
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Which type of vision is affected in macular degeneration
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Central vision (peripheral vision still has active rods and cones for now)
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Diagnose this patient
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Macular degeneration
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Infection caused commonly by Staph aureus
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Conjunctivitis
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Chlamydia commonly cause which two eye infections?
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Conjunctivitis and trachoma
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What is the problem in trachoma? Where is it common?
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Follicles develop on the inner surface of the eyelids ; inplaces where there is not clean water
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What condition might a person have if they experienceextreme photophobia?
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Keratitis
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What might you use to see macular degeneration?
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Opthalmoscope
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Congenital hearing deficit
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Deaf
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acquired hearin deficit
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deafened
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Which is medically preferred, "hard of hearing" or "hearing impaired"?
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Hearing impaired
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Flap on the side of the head is called
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Pinna
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What two structures make up the external ear?
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Pinna and the external auditory canal
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what marks the separation between the external ear and the middle ear?
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Tympanic membrane
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Which three bones are located in the tympanic cavity?
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Malleus, incus, and stapes
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Which structure connects the ear to the nasopharynx? in which part of the ear is this located? What function does it serve?
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Auditory (eustachian) tube ; middle ear; equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the external ear.
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which structure helps out with pressure differences when going in an airplane?
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Auditory (eustachian) tube
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What is another name for the auditory nerve?
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CNVIII
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Sounds heard by the left ear will be interpretted on the (right / left) side of the brain?
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Both (some nerve fibers cross and some do not)
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Which part of the inner ear is responsible for hearing?
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Organ of Corti (within the cochlea)
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Which part in the inner ear is responsible for balance?
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Semicircular canals
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Vertigo: if it feels like the environment is swirling around you
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Stomach , maybe drunk
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Vertigo: If it feels like you are swirling around the environment
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Ear (semicircular canals)
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Describe the patheway of sound
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Sound enters external ear canal --> Vibrates tympanic membrane --> Ossicles vibrate --> Motion of the stapes (last bone) initiates the movement of fluid in cochlea --> hair cells in organ of Corti are stimulated --> initiates nerve impulses through CNVIII to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex for interpretation of sound
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Describe the type of tissue that makes up the external ear
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Avascular cartilage
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Sense of balance is located in
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the crista ampullaris of each semicircular canal
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How many semicircular canals are there? How are they arranged?
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three ; at right angles from each other
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What type of cells are present in the organ of corti and the semicircular canals?
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Hair cells
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What stimulates the hair cells in the semicircular canals?
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motion of the endolymph in response to head movements
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Vestibular nerve refers to
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the nerve innervating the semicircular canals
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The vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve merge to form ______________.
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The auditory nerve (CN VIII)
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What are the two types of hearing loss?
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Conduction and sensorineural
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What does this show? What would it cause? what type of deafness will this cause (sensorineural or conduction)?
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Otosclerosis ; imbalance in bone formation and resorption will cause development of excess bone in middle ear cavity ; conduction
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What type of hearing loss occurs when sound is blocked in the external ear or middle ear?
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Conduction
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what type of hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the organ of corti or auditory nerve?
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Sensorineural
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What type of hearing loss would be caused by infection?
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Sensorineural
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What type of hearing loss would be caused by head trauma?
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sensorineural
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What type of hearing loss would be caused by neurological disorders?
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Sensorineural
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A reduced number of hair cells or degeneration of the cochlea that occurs in the elderly
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Presbycusis
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Cochlear implants are used sucessfully in some cases of __________ hearing loss.
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Sensorineural
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Inflammation or infection in the middle ear
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Otitis media
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Durning otitis media, exudate builds up in the ___________, causing pressure on the ____________. If not corrected, this could cause rupture of the ______________.
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Cavity ; tympanic membrane ; rupture of the tympanic membrane
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Inflammation associated with otitis media could cause obstruction of the _____________ tube, which leads to the ______________. Because of this tube, edema in the _____________ could cause hearing loss.
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Auditory tube ; respiratory tracts; adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
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Prolonged infection associated with otitis media is likely to produce ____________ and _________. This can lead to ____________ or ___________.
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scar tissue and ashesion ; permanent hearing loss or speech problems
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Chronic ear infections may lead to ______________. This is infection involving the ___________ cells of the ____________ bone
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Mastoiditis; mastoid ; temporal
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When does otitis media usually occur? Why?
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Winter ; Caused by upper respiratory tract infections
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Common bacterial agents involved in otitis media
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Hamophilus influenzae
Streptococci (beta-hemolytic) Staphlococci Pneumococcal **viral also possible |
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A feeling of fullness could indicate
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ear infection (or pyloric stenosis)
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What is the treatment for an ear infection?
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Ibuprofen or acetaminophen for the first 48 hours
Use of antimicrobials Decongestant (may be useful in draining auditory tube) |
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What type of surgery is required mainly in children who get frequent ear infections?
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Surgical insertion of tubes into the tympanic membrane to allow for drainage
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What do you call swimmer's ear?
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Otitis externa
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How is otitis externa differentiated from otitis media (from a pain standpoint)?
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in otitis externa, the pain is usually cause by movement of the pinna
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Otitis externa is infection in the ________ and ________.
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External auditory canal and pinna
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What is the causative agent of otitis externa?
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Usually bacterial, sometimes fungal
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What type of ear infection might you get from frequent use of earphone or earplugs?
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Otitis externa
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In which ear condition would you see a purulent discharge and hearing deficit?
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Otitis externa
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Otoscerlosis is caused when the ________ becomes fixed to the ___________, blocking conduction of sounds into the ____________.
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stapes; oval window; cochlea
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What condition is caused by the imbalance in bone formation and resorption?
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Otosclerosis
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What condition is caused by the development of excess bone in the middle ear cavity?
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Otosclerosis
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What causes otosclerosis (genetic or environmental factors)?
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both
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What treatment is available for otosclerosis?
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Surgical removal of the stapes and replacement of a prothesis to restore hearing.
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Inner ear is also referred to as
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Labyrinth
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What do you call an inner ear labyrinth disorder causing sever vertigo and nausea?
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Meniere's syndrome
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What is tinnitus?
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excessive ringing in the ears
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What causes Meniere's syndrome?
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Excessive endolymph produces which changes the barometric pressure--> attack
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How long might an attack last in a person with Meniere's syndrome?
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Minutes or hours
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What might a physician be testing for if she orders a balance test, electrostagmography, electrocholeography, MRI?
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Meniere's Syndrome
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What treatment is available for Meniere's syndrome?
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Treatment with drugs (anthistamines, diazepam)
Home exercise programs to reduce sensitivity to motion |
