Pathophysiology Chapter 1 And 2

Front 1

Validity/accuracy

Back 1

reflects the true value of the parameter being measured

Front 2

reliability/precision

Back 2

the ability of a test to give the same result in repeated measurements

Front 3

predictive value

Back 3

the extent to which the test can differentiate between the presence or absence of disease

dependent on the sensitivity and specificity

Front 4

sensitivity

Back 4

the probability that the test will be positive when the person has the disease

Front 5

specificity

Back 5

the probability that the test will be negative when the person does not have the disease

Front 6

mechanisms of allostasis
detects
maintains

Back 6

the complex mechanisms that detect changes in environment and maintain homeostasis

Front 7

selye
response to physical stress

Back 7

enlarged adrenal cortex
diminished lymphoid organs
duodenal ulcers and bleeding

Front 8

General Adaptation System
stages

Back 8

alarm
resistance
exhaustion

Front 9

alarm

Back 9

fight or flight
surge of energy

Front 10

In the alarm stage
the hypothalamus
activates the ---
and releases ---

Back 10

SNS
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

Front 11

activation of SNS

Back 11

activates adrenal medulla

Front 12

CRH

Back 12

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Front 13

Release of CRH

Back 13

induces secretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary

Front 14

Secretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary activates

Back 14

adrenal cortex

Front 15

adrenal medulla
secretes

Back 15

catecholamines
epinephrine
norepinephrine

Front 16

adrenal cortex secretes

Back 16

cortisol

Front 17

Hypothalamic pituitary axis enables release of

Back 17

CRH
ACTH
ADH
Glucocorticoid steroid hormones
mineralocorticoid steroid hormones

Front 18

glucocorticoid

Back 18

cortisol

Front 19

mineralocorticoid

Back 19

aldosterone

Front 20

stage of resistance

Back 20

HPA activated until stressor resolved
HPA cascade returns to baseline
return to normal function of allostasis

Front 21

exhaustion

Back 21

unable to return to homeostasis

Front 22

allostatic load

Back 22

collective effect of everyday stresses

Front 23

allostatic mechanisms

Back 23

negative feedback system
SNS
cortisol

Front 24

SNS activation

Back 24

a) appraises stressful stimulus
b) releases norepinephrine
c) induces release of epinephrine from adrenal medulla

Front 25

norepinephrine effects

Back 25

a) > hr and contractility
b) < gi motility and secretion
c) constricts blood vessels
d) dilates pupils

Front 26

release of epinephrine from adrenal medulla

---
---

Back 26

similar effects of norepinephrine

> release of glucose
> gluconeogenesis

Front 27

cortisol is released from

Back 27

adrenal cortex in response to ACTH

Front 28

cortisol effect

Back 28

> serum glucose by gluconeogenesis: the breakdown of protein to amino acids and converted to glucose

Front 29

increased glucose

Back 29

feeds brain
facilitates memory

Front 30

cortisol suppresses

Back 30

acute phase response to infection and inflammation by inhibition of cytokines

Front 31

cortisol enhances

Back 31

movement of immune cells to site of tissue injury

Front 32

aldosterone is produced by

Back 32

adrenal cortex in response to R-A-A system which is activated by SNS

Front 33

aldosterone action

Back 33

a) reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium by kidney
b) increases reabsorption of water
c) increases blood volume and pressure

Front 34

endorphins and Enkephalins are

Back 34

a) endogenous opioids
b) produced in CNS in response to stressors

Front 35

cytokines are produced & excreted by

Back 35

activated immune cells that signal the presence of a stressor by inducing inflammation and pain

Front 36

Sex Hormones

Back 36

estrogen
testosterone
dehydroepiandrosterone

Front 37

effects of stress on sex hormones
---
---

Back 37

reduces circulating testosterone

inhibits female reproduction

Front 38

growth hormone
is produced in response to

Back 38

extreme exercise and fear

Front 39

growth hormone increases

Back 39

protein synthesis
fat mobilization
enhances immune function

Front 40

cytokines function

Back 40

direct white blood cells to targets
enhance NK WBCs