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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cancer
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-abnormal, rapid cell growth
-doesn't follow rules -new tissue has no purpose |
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Neoplasm
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new growth
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Benign Tumor
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-not cancer
-encapsulated -well differentiated -doesn't spread to surrounding tissues -can change to malignant with continual disruption (this is why we remove benign tumors or just watch closely |
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Carcinoma
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cancer of the epithelial tissue
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adenocarcinoma
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cancer of the ducts or glands in epithelial tissue
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sarcoma
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cancer of the connective tissue
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lymphoma
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cancer of the lymph
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leukemias
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cancer of the blood forming cells
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carcinoma in situ
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hidden early stage of adenocarcinoma
-PRE-INVASIVE tumor of epithelial duct or gland |
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Staging...
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1: confined to organ or origin
2: locally invasive 3: regional spread and lymph involvement 4: distant spread |
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cell differentiation...
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the process of cell specialization
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undifferentiated cells
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-immature cells
-normally found in the bone marrow -ex: stem cells |
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tumor markers defined
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substances produced by cancer cells that are found on tumor plasma membranes or in the blood, spinal fluid or urine.
-CANNOT BE USED FOR DIAGNOSIS |
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Tumor markers can be used in what three ways?
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1. screening pts with identified risk
2. help diagnose what kind of tumor is present 3. helps follow the pt with known incidence of past cancer (i.e. elevated PSA with prostate removed) |
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Mutations
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-occur over time
-the higher the risk to malfunction the more likely to turn in to cancer -can occur simply d/t aging |
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oncogenes
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accelerate abnormal cell growth
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three types of oncogenes
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1. point mutations (in DNA)
2. Chromosome translocation: activate oncogenes by excess of proliferation factor and production of noval proteins with growth promoting properties 3. Chromosome amplification: result of duplication of one chromosome |
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Tumor-suppressor genes..
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BRAKE abnormal cell growth
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Viral Link (example)
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HPV makes you more likely to develop cervical cancer
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Bacterial link (example)
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H. Pylori leads to Barrett's esophagus leads to cancer
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Immunity link
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1. when immune system is decreased, defenses are down and body can't respond to cell growth
2. if constantly working (i.e. rhuematoid arthritis) this increases risk to develop cancer d/t constant changes by inflammatory process |
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Gene and environmental risk factors for cancer (10)
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1. tobacco: #1!!
2. Ionizing radiation: x-ray 3. UV radiation: sun exposure (blistering not just tanning) 4. electromagnetic field: cell phone, microwaves 5. diet and endogenous hormones: blackened foods, preservatives and fats 6. Alcohol 7. Sexual and reproductive behavior: having sex at early age, not having kids, having abortion = higher risk for cervical cancer 8. Physical Activity 9. Occupational hazards (asbestos leads to mesothelioma) 10. air pollution (can come from big cities AND farms) |
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Causes of Pain r/t Cancer
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obstruction, invading sensitive tissue, stretching visceral surface, tissue death and destruction, inflammation
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Description of Cachexia
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includes anorexia, early saitety, significant weight loss, anemic d/t decreased food intake, altered taste r/.t med side effects.
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Most severe manifestation of cancer...
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cachexia
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Meds used to treat pain r/t cancer
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opiods, narcotics, NSADS
if client is Stage 4 especially, give comfort care, give as much as pt asks for |
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Cancer treatments
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chemo, radiation, surgery, hormonal therapy, immynotherapy
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chemo r/t treatment of cancer
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-used first to localize metastatic growth and kill any circulating cells
-use of non selective cytoplastic drugs. -get 2 or 3 different drugs to prevent resistance |
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radiation r/t treatment of cancer
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-eradicates cancer cells without causing damage to surrounding tissue.
-gamma radiation is MUCH MORE SPECIFIC |
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surgery r/t treatment of cancer
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-remove mass and sometimes all surrounding lymph tissue.
-if cancer present in lymph--follow up with chemo |
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hormonal therapy r/t treatment of cancer
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-use of hormones to stop growth
-ex: testicular cancer = give estrogen |
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immynotherapy r/t treatment of cancer
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-build or lower immune system during treatment
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side effects of cancer treatment
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-GI: malabsorption, N/V, steroids is given to combat the N/V caused by chemo. If diabetic pt, the increased steroids will cause increased glucose
-Stomatitis--inflammation of the mouth: PAINFUL: need TPN and lidocaine swish: -Bone Marrow: suppressed by chemo -Hair and Skin: alopecia -Reproductive tract damage |
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most common type of cancer in children
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leukemia
(second is brain cancer) |
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s/s of cancer in children
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-no early warning signs
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prognosis of children with cancer
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better survival rates overall but higher risk of cancer later in life d/t chemo and radiation given as initial treatment
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