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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell injury can result in (3): |
1. Reversible Injury 2. Irreversible Injury 3. Cell death |
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What are the principal pathways of pathological cell death? |
Necrosis and apoptosis |
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Loss of plasma membrane barrier function in necrotic cells leads to passage of ____ and ____ into the cell, and ____ and ____ out of the cell |
Ca++ and Na+ into the cell, K+ and Enzymes out of the cell |
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What enzymes (2) can be tested for to diagnose hepato-biliary disease and osteoblast hyperactivity? Where are the enzymes located? Which enzyme is more specific? |
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alanine aminotransferase (AST - more specific) In cell membranes |
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What enzyme can be tested for to diagnose diffuse cell necrosis (hepatitis), and alcohol-induced liver disease? Where is the enzyme located? |
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In the mitochondria. |
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Which enzymes are increased in the blood in acute myocardial infarction? |
Creatinine kinase-MB, Troponin |
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What enzymes are increased in the blood during acute pancreatits? |
Amylase and Lipase |
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Which tissues are especially susceptible to hypoxia? |
The brain, the heart, and the kidneys |
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What are some of the important changes involving the mitochondria that result due to hypoxia? |
Mitochondrial accumulation of calcium, ATP synthesis decreases, leading to Na+/K+ pump function loss, and anaerobic glycolysis |
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What is the most common cause of hypoxia? |
Ischemia |
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Cell swelling and continued hypoxia causes accumulation of Ca++, and activation of (4): |
Protein kinases, phospholipases, proteases, endonucleases |
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What kind of damage does the activation of protein kinases (1), Phospholipases (2), Proteases (3) and Endonucleases (4) cause? (1 answer for each) |
1. chromatin damage and phosphorylation 4. nucleus damage |
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Hypoxia causes a decrease in ATP production, which in turn leads to (1) Efflux of K+ and Influx of Ca2+, H2O and Na+, a (2) decreased pH, and (3) decreased protein synthesis. What is the end result of each of these 3 cellular changes? |
1. ER swelling, cellular swelling, loss of microvilli and Blebs 2. Clumping of nuclear chromatin 3. Lipid deposition |
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What is the typical cellular response to metabolic alterations (genetic or acquired), or chronic injury? |
Intracellular accumulations; calcification |
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What is the typical cellular response to cumulative sub-lethal injury over long life span? |
Cellular aging |
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How can genetic derangements cause cell injury (2)? |
Deficiency of functional proteins, or accumulation of damaged DNA or misfolded proteins (will eventually trigger cell death when beyond repair) |
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With re-oxygenation of a hypoxic tissue, cell injury may occur. What is this type of injury called, and what causes it? |
It is called reperfusion injury, and is caused by ROS. |
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What are 4 important ROS found in human tissues? |
Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, Superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical |
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What enzymes are responsible for removal of harmful ROS in humans, and where is each one found? (3) |
Superoxide dismutase (mitochondria) |
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The accumulation of radicals either due to inadequate removal or excess production results in _______. |
Oxidative stress |
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ROS can cause 3 main types of damage if they aren't properly removed or produced in excess. What are they? |
Protein damage, lipid damage, and DNA damage |
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What 2 vitamins are important antioxidants? |
Vitamin C and Vitamin E |
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Which 2 eye disorders are ROS linked to? |
Cataracts and macular degeneration |
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What is the most common cause of acute optic neuropathy in older age groups? What is the end result? |
AION (anterior ischemic optic neuropathy), ischemia is the end result |
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What is the sequence of events following cell injury? After what stage is the cell injury non-reversible? |
1. Cells become non-functional 2. Biochemical changes can be detected 3. Ultrastructural changes 4. Light microscopic changes 5. Gross morphologic changes |
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The consequences of an inurious stimulus depend on: (4) |
the cell type, the cell status (nutritional or hormonal), the adaptability, and the genetic makeup of the cell |
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Give an example of variations in response to injury between striated skeletal muscle in the leg and cardiac muscle. |
Leg muscle can accommodate complete ischemia for 2-3 hours, cardiac only for 20-30 minutes |
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Give an example of a beneficial nutritional status for cell response to injury (think liver) |
A glycogen filled hepatocyte can tolerate better ischemia |
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Reversible cell injury is characterized by: |
General swelling of cell and organelles, blebbing, blunting and loss of microvilli, detachment of ribosomes from ER, clumping of nuclear chromatin |
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What are the two recognizable features of reversible cell injury under a light microscope? |
Cellular swelling and Fatty change |
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What are two other name for cellular swelling? |
Hydropic swelling or vacuolar degeneration |
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__________ is a type of intracellular accumulation of triglycerides in the cytoplasm (especially the ______) |
Fatty change; VLDL |
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Describe the mechanism of fatty change |
Increased production of NADH (ie: from alcohol metabolism) causes increased conversion of DHAP to G3-P. Addition of 3 FAs to G3-P produces Triglycerides. Triglycerides -> lipoproteins -> lipid accumulation |
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In what condition are lipids often located in the outer layers of the retina, and seen as hard exudates? |
Diabetes |