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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Homeostasis:
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internal stability of the body
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Pathology:
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abnormal condition causing measurable changes in structure and function
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Pathogenesis:
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development of disease in stages
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Systemic health:
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Internal equilibrium
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Syndrome:
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Defined collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a condition
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Disease state:
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Inability to adapt to internal/external stressors or challenges
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Signs
Examples: |
Abnormal objective findings
redness, swelling, purulent discharge, fever |
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Symptoms
Examples: |
Subjective patient reports
difficulty swallowing, pain, fatigue, headache |
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Acute Illness
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onset is usually abrupt
symptoms present themselves over hours to days duration brief (<6 months) |
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Chronic Illness
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onset is slower
symptoms persist from acute/subacute phases duration indefinite (> 6 months) |
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Genetic mutations:
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change N D genetic code that:
are passed from 1 generation to the next, may occur spontaneously,may be caused by agents that disrupt the normal DNA sequence |
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Modes of Inheritance for Genetic Diseases
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Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive X-linked (sex-linked) recessive |
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Autosomal dominant:
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single abnormal gene on only one of a chromosome pair will cause disease
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Autosomal recessive:
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same abnormal gene present on both chromosomes of a pair
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X-linked (sex-linked) recessive:
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abnormal gene is only located on an X chromosome
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Infection
Modes of transmission include: |
Direct/indirect physical contact
Body fluids/blood, Inhalation Ingestion Insect/animal |
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Infection
Pathogenic agents include: |
Bacteria
Viruses Fungi Protozoa |
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Body’s defense systems against infection:
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natural mechanical & chem. barriers
inflammatory response immune response |
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Acute inflammatory response is marked by:
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Redness
Heat Swelling Pain Loss of function |
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Acute inflammatory response can be inhibited by:
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Immune disorders
Chronic illness Medications, especially steroids |
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Cancer
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A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation/growth.D growth proliferates @ D expense of healthy cells & tissues & can develop into masses of abnormal cells or tumors.
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Benign tumors
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Benign tumors
develop slowly can arise from any tissue usually remain encapsulated (self-contained) rarely recur after surgical removal |
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Malignant tumors
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cells multiply rapidly
dont usually resembleDtissue of origin, often recurrent invade surrounding tissue infiltrate to distant sites (metastasize) |
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Cancer risk factors
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tobacco smoke(active & passive), heavy use of alcohol
exposure to environmental carcinogens high fat/low fiber diet excessive exposure to sunlight/UV light sedentary lifestyle exposure to radiation/radon |
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Cancer screening guidelines
Men Women |
PSA test,Testicular self-exam
Pap smear,Mammogram Breast self-exam |
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Cancer Treatment
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surgery, radiation
chemo, hormone therapy immunotherapy Palliative surgery |
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Hospice Care
may be home-based or in a facility with dedicated hospice services/beds |
comfort & supportive care for the pt&fam during terminal stages & into bereave. period,
emphasize palliative tx,neither hastens nor postpones death considers dying as a normal process,provides phy., psycho., & spiritual support |
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Predisposing Factors
to disease: |
age,gender
lifestyle,environment heredity |
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Non-changeable predisposing factors to disease:
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age
gender heredity |
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Changeable predisposing factors:
1)Lifestyle 2)Environment |
1)phy.abuse & violence,poor nutrition,tobac, drug, & alcohol
2)air & H20 pollution,chronic stress |
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Preventive health care
positive personal health behaviors: |
mod. of identified risk factors
prophylactic med. services environ. and workplace safety |
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Immune disorders
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hypersensitivity reaction (allergy)
autoimmune disease immunodeficiency disorder |
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Hypersensitivity reaction
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Exposure to allergen, which acts as antigen
Triggers release of histamine Symptoms mild to life-threatening |
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Aging Process
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metabolic changes (> liver & kidney funct),> total body H2O
chang N body composition (^ adipose tissue, > muscle mass),> bone density |
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Pain Physiology
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stimu.of nociceptors on free nerve endings,impulses travel thro spinal cord to brain,
usua signa injury/tissue dama, may travel a parallel pathway along spinal cord to brain, resulting in referred pain in another part of the body |
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Pain Medications
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analgesics:opioids (narcotics)
NSAIDS antidepressants anticonvulsants antispasmodics |
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Psychological Pain
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feelings of sadness,despair, anger, depression, helpless, hopeless,impaired thought processes,disrupted sleep patterns, personality changes,
cry/show signs of withdrawal |
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Diagnosis of Disease
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medical hx,phy exam, lab test (CBC, chemistry)
imaging tests (MRI, CT, X-ray, ultrasound, etc.),biopsy |
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Holistic Medical Care
Focuses on the needs of the whole person |
physical
spiritual psychological social emotional intellectual |
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Cultural Diversity
Individuality based on numerous differences |
race, ethnicity, language
culture, religious beliefs values/life experiences |
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Alternative Medicine
Therapies complementary to traditional medicine: |
osteopathy
acupuncture and acupressure massage & reflexology relaxation therapy herbal/nutritional supplements chiropractic, hypnosis |
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Genetic Counseling
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Communication revolves around D occurrence/potential for a genetic d/o in a fam,
Genetic testing may B recomm Test results, risks of disease dev, & avail tx options discussed |
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Gene therapy
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Experimental intervention repairs/blocks the expression of specific genes to tx disease.
The disease txed with gene therapy may be either inherited/acquired. |
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Goals of patient teaching
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facilitate pt. compliance with the medical tx plan, clarify info. & instructions, foster pt. independ. & responsi. est. trusting, therapeutic relationship
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Additional reasons for patient teaching
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ease anx.,facilitate ^sense of pt. control, improve pt./family coping, highlight goals for recovery/acceptance,>unneces clinic visits & hospitalizations
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