Pathology: Test 2: 2. Neoplasia 3

Front 1

What are the 2 exceptions of the ending in __oma NOT being benign?

Back 1

Melanoma

Lymphoma

Front 2

Is a melanoma benign?

Back 2

NO!

Front 3

is lymphoma benign?

Back 3

negatron

Front 4

What is dysplasia?

Back 4

some argue it is early neo plastic tissue or pre-neoplastic tissue

either way, it is tissue that has unusual morphology or expression of the genome

does not have autonomous growth

Front 5

There is a common naming system for tumor staging, what is it?

Back 5

TNM (Tumor, Nodal Status, Metastasis)

Front 6

WHITE TEXT:

When doing the T stage of the TNM staging, what are the levels?

Back 6

T1-T4 (can have T1a, etc)

Size of tumor and the extent of its growth

Front 7

WHITE TEXT

Nodal Status, what are the grades?

Back 7

N1-3

Presence and extent of lymph node metastasis

note you can have N0 where there is no metastasis

Front 8

WHITE TEXT

What is the M in the TNM grading scale? What does it show?

Back 8

Metastasis

M0-M1

Presence of distant metastasis

Front 9

What are the three basic modalities of cancer intervention?

Back 9

Surgery: remove cells

Radiation: kill cancer cells (will kill all cells though)

Chemotherapy: Kill cancer cell

Front 10

What is brachytherapy, what is it used for?

Back 10

you have synthetic radiation beads, that can target just a specific area

they are used for prostate cancer

Front 11

What type of cells does chemotherapy target? (this is the idea from Tumor Growth Fraction and Chemotherapy slide)

Back 11

target cells that are actively dividing, so the more that are dividing, the more effective the chemo

Front 12

What is the basic pathway of tumorigenesis?

Back 12

non-lethal genetic damage-->altered gene expression-->altered proteins-->altered structure/function

Front 13

is there such a thing as a cancer gene?

Back 13

not really, more just altered function of normal genes

Front 14

Proto-oncogenes are what?

Back 14

growth promoting genes (normally promote growth of some regular cell in body)

but can get gain of function, leading to growth of cancer

Front 15

what are tumor suppressor genes?

Back 15

Growth inhibiting

if you have loss of function, then the tumor can grow like wildfire

Front 16

what are oncogenes?

Back 16

altered proto-oncogenes
Mutated; amplified; placed under abnormal transcriptional control (e.g., chromosomal translocations) --> “gain of function”

Front 17

What are some of the things oncogenes code for (5)

Back 17

Growth factors

Cell surface receptors (for growth factors)
c-ret (MEN); c-kit (GIST)

Intracellular signal transduction pathways
Ras: most frequent dominant mutation in cancers

Transcription factors

Cell cycle proteins

Front 18

what are c-ret (MEN); c-kit (GIST)


c-kit WILL BE ON TEST!!!

Back 18

Cell surface receptors (for growth factors)

GIST-gastro intestinal stromal tumor

these are 2 things that onco-genes code for, will lead to cancer yo

Front 19

what is the most frequent dominant mutation in cancer?

***probably on test

Back 19

Ras

Intracellular signal transduction pathways

(note: P53 is the next most common)

Front 20

What is the Rb gene?

Back 20

Loss of function gene

(retinoblastoma gene product)
Guards a critical point in the cell cycle

Loss of function leads to unregulated cell proliferation

Front 21

What is the p53 gene family?

Back 21

Principle mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis (“molecular police” or “guardian of the genome”)

Front 22

In HPV, what viral product promotes the degradation of p53? what is the importance of this

Back 22

E6

leads to loss of tumor suppression

Front 23

What is Li Fraumeni syndrome?

Back 23

germline mutation in p53 with predisposition of cancers of multiple organs

Front 24

Overexpression of Bcl2 does what?

Back 24

extends cell survival and permits proliferation

Front 25

Follicular lymphoma is caused by?

Back 25

~85% have chromosomal translocation that places Bcl2 under transcriptional control of Ig heavy chain promoter: t(14;18)

Front 26

What are "caretaker genes"

Back 26

Errors in DNA synthesis occur – it is a fact of life
Lack of absolute fidelity of DNA replication process
Environmental mutagens
Mutation in DNA repair genes leads to “mutation phenotype” – cells prone to more mutations
Mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2) in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)
BRCA-1, BRCA-2 genes in breast and ovarian cancers

Front 27

What are MLH1, MSH2?

Back 27

they are mismatch repair genes

fix errors in the DNA, and can be damaged leading to cancer

Front 28

Problems with MLH1, MSH2 lead to what?

Back 28

hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)

Front 29

What do BRCA genes do? what are they associated with?

Back 29

mismatch repair genes

associated with breast and ovarian cancer

Front 30

what is HER-2?

Back 30

human epidermal growth factor gene

seen in breast cancer